本課以「規範性如何可能」為核心問題，探討在價值多元、知識不確定與社會分歧的條件下，倫理義務、政治秩序、價值判斷與知識正當性是否仍能成立。課程並不預設規範性必須建立在單一、絕對、形上學的基礎之上，而是引導學生檢視：當傳統基礎受到懷疑時，哲學是否仍能提出具有說服力的行動理由、政治原則、價值理解與知識主張。

課程內容分為四個相互關聯的理論模組。第一，於「善與義務」模組中，課程將以康德《道德形上學基礎》為主要文本，討論道德義務是否具有無條件約束力、行動的道德價值是否取決於動機，以及理性主體如何可能自我立法。第二，於「社會與政治」模組中，課程將以羅爾斯《正義論》為核心，分析原初立場、無知之幕與正義兩原則如何回應多元社會中的政治正當性問題，並延伸討論自由主義政治哲學的限制。第三，於「價值與文化」模組中，課程將討論《莊子》中的懷疑論與價值問題，思考觀點差異是否必然導致規範崩解，或是否可能開啟一種情境化、非絕對化的價值理解。第四，於「知識與實在」模組中，課程將由 Gettier 問題與知識正當化出發，進一步討論知識、語言、實在與規範理論之間的關聯。

本課採研討課形式，強調學生的主動閱讀、論證重構與批判討論。學生需閱讀原典與當代哲學論文，並在課堂中練習將文本主張整理為清楚的論證結構，而非僅作摘要式報告。課程亦要求學生進行分組報告與期末個人口頭報告，逐步形成自己的研究問題、文獻理解與初步論證。透過本課，學生應能理解倫理學、政治哲學、價值理論與知識論之間的內在關聯，並能在中西哲學的跨文化對話中思考規範與秩序問題。

This course focuses on the core question of "How is normativity possible?" and explores whether ethical obligations, political order, value judgments, and knowledge legitimacy can still be established under conditions of value plurality, knowledge uncertainty, and social disagreement. The course does not presuppose that normativity must be based on a single, absolute, metaphysical foundation, but rather guides students to examine whether philosophy can still put forward persuasive reasons for action, political principles, value understandings and knowledge claims when the traditional foundation is questioned.

The course content is divided into four interrelated theoretical modules. First, in the "Goodness and Duty" module, the course will use Kant's "Fundamentals of the Metaphysics of Morals" as the main text to discuss whether moral obligations are unconditionally binding, whether the moral value of actions depends on motivation, and how rational subjects can legislate themselves. Second, in the "Society and Politics" module, the course will take Rawls's "A Theory of Justice" as the core to analyze how the original position, the veil of ignorance, and the principles of justice respond to the issue of political legitimacy in a pluralistic society, and extend the discussion of the limitations of liberal political philosophy. Third, in the "Value and Culture" module, the course will discuss skepticism and value issues in "Zhuangzi" and consider whether differences in viewpoints will inevitably lead to the collapse of norms, or whether it may open up a contextualized, non-absolute understanding of value. Fourth, in the "Knowledge and Reality" module, the course will start from the Gettier problem and the justification of knowledge, and further discuss the relationship between knowledge, language, reality and normative theory.

This course takes the form of a seminar, emphasizing students' active reading, argument reconstruction and critical discussion. Students are required to read original classics and contemporary philosophical papers, and practice organizing textual claims into clear argumentative structures in class rather than just giving summary reports. The course also requires students to conduct group reports and final individual oral reports to gradually form their own research questions, literature understanding and preliminary arguments. Through this course, students should be able to understand the intrinsic connections between ethics, political philosophy, value theory and epistemology, and be able to think about issues of norms and order in the cross-cultural dialogue between Chinese and Western philosophy.

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and edited by Mary Gregor and Jens Timmermann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

莊子，《莊子》。可參考郭慶藩，《莊子集釋》，北京：中華書局，1961；或陳鼓應，《莊子今注今譯》，北京：中華書局，1983。

Gettier, Edmund L. “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Analysis 23, no. 6 (1963): 121–123.

Williams, Bernard. “Internal and External Reasons.” In Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973–1980, 101–113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Stocker, Michael. “The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories.” The Journal of Philosophy 73, no. 14 (1976): 453–466.

Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

Berlin, Isaiah. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Williams, Bernard. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Taylor, Charles. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Carnap, Rudolf. “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology.” Revue Internationale de Philosophie 4, no. 11 (1950): 20–40.

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and edited by Mary Gregor and Jens Timmermann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Zhuangzi, "Zhuangzi". You may refer to Guo Qingfan, "Collected Commentary on Zhuangzi", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1961; or Chen Guying, "Modern Commentary on Zhuangzi", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983.

Gettier, Edmund L. “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Analysis 23, no. 6 (1963): 121–123.

Williams, Bernard. “Internal and External Reasons.” In Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973–1980, 101–113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Stocker, Michael. “The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories.” The Journal of Philosophy 73, no. 14 (1976): 453–466.

Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

Berlin, Isaiah. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Williams, Bernard. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Taylor, Charles. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Carnap, Rudolf. “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology.” Revue Internationale de Philosophie 4, no. 11 (1950): 20–40.