西方世界在歷經幾百年的戰亂後，到了中世紀中晚期逐漸地恢復元氣，先是在北義大利城邦主導下恢復了地中海的貿易網絡，然後是歐洲大陸上市鎮、城市和交易會陸續興起，不只促進了商業的發展，也帶動了農業和工業等產業的緩慢進步，而社會上各種交換逐漸的發達，也使得西方世界對於金錢的需求越來越大。西方世界在中世紀之後，其經濟和文化在文藝復興、大航海時代、科學革命以及啟蒙運動等一系列巨大的歷史變遷中逐步發展，與此同時，作為金融要素的工具（貨幣、票據、借貸）、組織（股份公司）、制度（法規）等，事實上也都在歷史的進程中漸次成形。尤其是金融制度的發展，為金融的運作提供一套明確的遊戲規則，由於金融的高度抽象特性，如果沒有一套金融制度去確定人與人在不同時間點（現在或未來）之間的關係（獲利或負債），那麼引起西方近代社會變遷的重要社會行動可能就不會發生（航海冒險、技術革新）。有鑑於金融在西方近代社會變遷中的重大影響力，古典社會學家對金融與社會之間的關係有所討論，Simmel就以貨幣作為討論的切入點，由於貨幣有使物品價值純粹量化的特性，因此計算貨幣的數量就等同於計算資產的數量，擁有多少貨幣就等於擁有多少資產，加上貨幣所具有的絕對價值之特性，以貨幣為基準進行未來資產增值的計算就成為了技術上可以操作的方式。

到了當代社會學，學者們對金融與社會之關係所進行的討論裡，可以看到對古典社會學對金融議題討論的延展性，Zelizer就指出，每個人的生活安排決定了貨幣的多元用途，而貨幣的多元用途也就展現了每個人的生活風格之所在，此外，人不會以市場價值為唯一標準去過生活，還會根據其自身經驗和需求作為參考的依據來安排生活，貨幣因此不只乘載了市場價值，也實現了社會價值。而Zelizer對於金融社會學的貢獻，除了引發社會如何對無上價值進行定價的討論之外，還引發另一種思考，由於無上價值（親密關係、個人生命）因為被賦予價格而參與到了經濟活動之中，使得資產的界限被拓寬了，人們可以更加多元地透過貨幣去計算自己的資產，以此安排現在或未來的生活。

另外，從當代社會學對金融與社會變遷、市場機制、不同文化、金融化的眾多關係之多元思考中，展現的不只是議題討論的多元化，從側面觀之，也顯現了金融領域對日常生活各個領域的滲透已經達到前所未有的程度，因此，對於金融與社會之關係研究重點的多元化討論，是當代社會所不能夠迴避的大問題，如不去嘗試進行理解，我們對於社會事實的認知將會有很大的不足。本課程除了透過對西方世界在經濟與社會的變遷過程中，金融所具有的藏身於後但擁有支配性的地位有所探討，也期望可以幫助學習者了解社會學家們如何以社會學的視角對金融與社會之間的關係進行觀察。

After hundreds of years of war, the Western world gradually regained its strength in the middle and late Middle Ages. First, the Mediterranean trade network was restored under the leadership of the city-states of North Italy, and then towns, cities, and trade fairs emerged one after another on the European continent. This not only promoted the development of commerce, but also led to the slow progress of agriculture, industry, and other industries. The gradual development of various exchanges in society also made the Western world's demand for money greater and greater. After the Middle Ages, the Western world's economy and culture gradually developed in a series of huge historical changes such as the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. At the same time, tools (currency, bills, loans), organizations (joint-stock companies), systems (regulations), etc., as financial elements, actually gradually took shape in the course of history. In particular, the development of the financial system provides a clear set of game rules for the operation of finance. Due to the highly abstract nature of finance, if there is no set of financial systems to determine the relationship (profit or liability) between people at different points in time (now or in the future), then important social actions that caused changes in modern Western society may not have occurred (nautical adventures, technological innovations). In view of the significant influence of finance in the changes of modern Western society, classical sociologists have discussed the relationship between finance and society. Simmel used currency as the entry point for discussion. Since currency has the property of purely quantifying the value of items, therefore Calculating the amount of currency is equivalent to calculating the amount of assets. How much currency you own is equal to how many assets you own. Coupled with the characteristics of absolute value of currency, using currency as the basis to calculate future asset appreciation has become a technically feasible method.

In contemporary sociology, scholars’ discussions on the relationship between finance and society can see the extension of classical sociology’s discussion of financial issues. Zelizer pointed out that everyone’s living arrangements determine the multiple uses of money, and the multiple uses of money The journey also shows everyone’s life style. In addition, people will not live their lives based on market value as the only criterion, but will also arrange their lives based on their own experience and needs as a reference. Currency therefore not only carries market value, but also realizes social value. Zelizer's contribution to financial sociology not only triggered discussions on how society prices supreme value, but also triggered another kind of thinking. Because supreme value (intimacy, personal life) participates in economic activities because it is given a price, the boundaries of assets are broadened, and people can calculate their assets through currency in a more diverse way to arrange their current or future lives.

In addition, contemporary sociology’s diverse thinking on the relationship between finance and social change, market mechanisms, different cultures, and financialization not only shows the diversity of topic discussions, but also shows the penetration of the financial field into various areas of daily life from a side perspective. The penetration has reached an unprecedented level. Therefore, the diversified discussion of the research focus on the relationship between finance and society is a big issue that cannot be avoided in contemporary society. If we do not try to understand it, our understanding of social facts will be greatly insufficient. In addition to exploring the hidden but dominant position of finance in the process of economic and social changes in the Western world, this course also hopes to help learners understand how sociologists observe the relationship between finance and society from a sociological perspective.

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