孟子提出四端之心的觀念，並且在與告子的論辯中主張仁義內在。本課程首先藉由提出「仁義如何內在？」的問題，釐清仁義內在的意義，並依之詮釋四端之心的觀念，從而說明孟子的立場是一種道德實在論。

Mencius put forward the concept of the four-terminal heart, and advocated the innermost part of Zhang Renyi in his discussion with Gaozi. This course first explains the question of "How is benevolence in the inner meaning of benevolence?" by raising the inner meaning of benevolence and illuminating the concept of the four ends of hearts, thereby explaining Mencius's position is a moral realism.

Ames, Roger. (1991). “The Mencian Conception of Ren Xing: Does it Mean ‘Human Nature’?” in Henry Rosemont, Jr. (ed.), Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts Essays De dedicated to Angus C. Graham (Chicago: Open Court, 1991), 143-175.
Darwall, Stephen. (1998). “Empathy, Sympathy, Care.“ Philosophical Studies 89, 261-282.
Hansen, Chad. (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nivison, David S. (1996). The Ways of Confucianism Investigations in Chinese Philosophy. Chicago: Open Court.
史偉民、林久絡（2022）。〈孟子式的擴充與訴諸人身的實踐推理〉。《漢學研究集刊》，35，129-172。
牟宗三（2003）。《圓善論》。《牟宗三先生全集》，22。台北：聯經。
黃敏浩（2002）。〈孟子、告子辯論的再詮釋〉。《清華學報》，32 (1)，117-144。

Ames, Roger. (1991). “The Mencian Conception of Ren Xing: Does it Mean ‘Human Nature’?” in Henry Rosemont, Jr. (ed.), Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts Essays De dedicated to Angus C. Graham (Chicago: Open Court, 1991), 143-175.
Darwall, Stephen. (1998). “Empathy, Sympathy, Care.” Philosophical Studies 89, 261-282.
Hansen, Chad. (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nivison, David S. (1996). The Ways of Confucianism Investigations in Chinese Philosophy. Chicago: Open Court.
Shi Weimin and Lin Jiucheng (2022). 〈Mencius-style expansion and practical reasoning for regulating the human body〉. Journal of Han Research, 35, 129-172.
Mou Zongsan (2003). "The Book of the World". "Complete Works of Mr. Mou Zongsan", 22. Taipei: Union.
Huang Minhao (2002). 〈Re-explanation of the commentary between Mencius and Gaozi〉. "Qinghua Journal", 32 (1), 117-144.