在倫理學中，我們問，一個行動是否是道德上許可的？在心理哲學中，我們對於同一個身體運動可以給出物理解釋和心理解釋。在形上學中，我們考慮一個行動是否是自由的？在探究這些問題之前，我們好像有一個更基本的問題要處理：什麼是行動？只有在得到答案之後，我們才可以分辨，當我們去問一個行動是否是道德上許可的，被指到的行動是什麼。當我們知道行動和身體運動是等同的、或是分別屬於不同的範疇，我們就可以去評估對同一個身體運動所給出物理解釋和心理解釋是否相容。此外，去考慮自由行動，預設了我們對於行動的本質有所掌握。由此看來，行動和這些領域密切相關，但是行動哲學關心的是在先的、更基本的問題。除了研究行動是什麼之外，行動哲學討論的問題至少還包括：行動如何被解釋？什麼是意圖、意志、和嘗試？什麼是實踐知識？行動有一個構成性的目標嗎？意志薄弱如何可能？集體的主體性是什麼？

In ethics, we ask, is an action morally permissible? In philosophy of mind, we can give physical explanations and psychological explanations for the same body movement. In metaphysics, we consider whether an action is free? Before exploring these questions, we seem to have a more basic question to deal with: What is action? Only after we have the answer can we tell what action is being referred to when we ask whether an action is morally permissible. When we know that actions and body movements are equivalent or belong to different categories, we can evaluate whether the physical and psychological explanations given for the same body movement are compatible. Furthermore, to think about free action presupposes some grasp of the nature of action. From this point of view, action is closely related to these fields, but the philosophy of action is concerned with prior and more fundamental issues. In addition to studying what action is, the questions discussed in the philosophy of action include at least: How is action explained? What are intention, will, and attempt? What is practical knowledge? Does action have a constitutive goal? How is it possible to be weak-willed? What is collective subjectivity?

Paul, S. (2021). Philosophy of action: A contemporary introduction. Routledge.
Dancy, J., & Sandis, C. (Eds.). (2015). Philosophy of action: An anthology. Wiley-Blackwell.

Paul, S. (2021). Philosophy of action: A contemporary introduction. Routledge.
Dancy, J., & Sandis, C. (Eds.). (2015). Philosophy of action: An anthology. Wiley-Blackwell.