自啟蒙時代消解了前現代社會相對統一的思想與信仰，在諸多思想體系萌發並且相互競爭的現代歷程中，伴隨著政治權力向各個社會階層的開放，使得各種政治理念皆必須盡可能的爭取大眾的支持，才有可能在今日的世界中取得話語權與政治地位。隨著這種廣泛的政治(鬥爭)參與，「意識形態(ideology)」這一概念在今日可謂無人不知，雖然在大多數常見的政治活動與話語當中，這一概念的意義往往有些模稜兩可，但就詞彙的使用上來說，大多時候是說話者在試圖表達對某種價值觀念體系或政治立場的反對和不信任，具有一種錯誤和虛假的意涵，是一個貶抑性的詞彙。
意識形態這一概念的廣為人知，和馬克思與恩格斯對這一概念的使用，以及上世紀馬克思主義的發展與左翼運動有著巨大的關聯。今日最常見的將意識形態作為一種錯誤和虛假觀念，作為一種「虛假意識」的用法，實際上來自恩格斯於馬克思死後的詮釋，並在往後被第二國際和蘇聯「科學馬克思主義」所認可繼承的典範。但從盧卡奇對這種「科學馬克思主義」的批判，與對馬克思的重新詮釋開始，意識形態在往後正式的研究領域中，隨著時代的發展出現了許多新的重要典範，「虛假意識」這種將人們都看作頭腦簡單，容易被欺騙誤導的論點早已被放棄。
另一方面，在蘇東劇變之後，意識形態的終結、大敘事的終結和歷史終結論，一同成為了冷戰結束至今的時代精神(Zeitgeist)，作為「資本主義雖然不是完美的制度，但不會有比資本主義更好的制度了。」這類觀點的潛在歷史本體論預設。雖然這些論調也不乏被人們所批評和反對，但不論支持何種立場，大多仍然沒有擺脫那種歷史進步的超驗本體論，將蘇聯的失敗視為一種早已注定的歷史必然性，而非一連串冷戰局勢中各種偶然性的發展與積累的結果。也就是說不論是蘇聯的「歷史最終必然走向共產社會，因此社會主義必勝」論點，還是蘇聯反對者的「自由民主必勝論」，都同樣來自啟蒙時代與黑格爾式的進步史觀，這一不論何種立場皆難以擺脫的、無意識中普遍的潛在世界觀，其實才真正屬於意識形態的範疇，意識形態並不單純僅是一種價值和觀點的立場，而是一種連接主體和社會，使各個層面得以運作、交互的複雜機制和功能。
本堂課的目標並非要深入探究蘇聯倒台的原因，而將從馬克思的《資本論》對主觀價值如何普遍化與客觀化的探討開始，依序閱讀盧卡奇(Lukács György)的《歷史與階級意識》、馬庫瑟(Herbert Marcuse)的《單向度的人》、羅蘭巴特(Roland Barthes)的《神話學》、墨菲(Chantal Mouffe)與拉克勞(Ernesto Laclau)的《文化霸權與社會主義戰略》，阿圖塞(Louis Pierre Althusser)的〈意識型態的國家機器〉，最後閱讀福山(Francis Yoshihiro Fukuyama)《歷史的終結與最後的人》。讓同學對意識形態這一領域在上世紀的幾個重要典範和發展有基本的掌握，能對意識形態實際的社會功能、作用機制和複雜性有基本的了解，知道如何和人們今天很愛說那種「蠢蛋被壞人洗腦」的神話故事保持距離。Since the Age of Enlightenment, the relatively unified ideas and beliefs of pre-modern society have been eliminated. In the modern process where many ideological systems have sprouted and competed with each other, along with the opening of political power to various social classes, various political ideas must win over as many people as possible. With support, it is possible to gain voice and political status in today's world. With this widespread participation in politics (struggle), the concept of "ideology" is well known today. Although the meaning of this concept is often somewhat ambiguous in most common political activities and discourses, As far as the use of words is concerned, most of the time the speaker is trying to express opposition and distrust to a certain value system or political stance. It has a wrong and false connotation and is a derogatory word.
The widespread popularity of the concept of ideology, its use by Marx and Engels, and the development of Marxism in the last century are closely related to the left-wing movement. Today's most common use of ideology as an error and false concept, as a kind of "false consciousness" actually comes from Engels's interpretation after Marx's death, and was later recognized by the Second International and the Soviet Union's "Scientific Marxism" A model of inheritance. However, starting from Lukács’s criticism of this kind of “scientific Marxism” and his reinterpretation of Marx, in the formal research field of ideology in the future, many new important models have emerged with the development of the times. The idea that people are all simple-minded and easily deceived and misled has long been abandoned.
On the other hand, after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the end of ideology, the end of grand narratives and the end of history have together become the Zeitgeist since the end of the Cold War. As "capitalism is not a perfect system, it will not There is a better system than capitalism." The underlying historical ontological presupposition of this kind of view. Although these arguments have been criticized and opposed by people, no matter which position they support, most of them still have not got rid of the transcendent ontology of historical progress, and regard the failure of the Soviet Union as a predestined historical necessity rather than a series of cold wars. The result of the development and accumulation of various contingencies in the situation. In other words, whether it is the Soviet Union’s argument that “history will eventually lead to a communist society, so socialism must win” or the Soviet opponents’ “liberal democracy triumphs” argument, they all come from the Enlightenment Era and the Hegelian progressive view of history. A universal potential worldview that is difficult to get rid of regardless of stance, actually belongs to the category of ideology. Ideology is not simply a position of values and viewpoints, but a connection between the subject and society, making each individual The complex mechanisms and functions through which layers operate and interact.
The goal of this class is not to delve into the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union. Rather, it will start with Marx’s discussion of how subjective values are universalized and objectified in Capital, and then read Lukács György’s History and Class in sequence. Consciousness", Herbert Marcuse's "The One-Dimensional Man", Roland Barthes's "Mythology", Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau Laclau's "Cultural Hegemony and Socialist Strategy", Louis Pierre Althusser's "Ideological State Apparatuses", and finally, Francis Yoshihiro Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man". Let students have a basic grasp of several important models and developments in the field of ideology in the last century, have a basic understanding of the actual social functions, mechanisms and complexity of ideology, and know how to talk to people today. Keep your distance from the myth of "idiots being brainwashed by bad guys".
Althusser 著、陳越 編譯，2010，《哲學與政治：阿爾都塞讀本》。長春：吉林人民出版社
Ernesto Laclau、Chantal Mouffe 著、陳璋津 譯，1994，《文化霸權和社會主義的戰略》。台北：遠流
Francis Fukuyama 著、陳高華 譯，2014，《歷史的終結與最後的人》。桂林：廣西大學出版社
Herbert Marcuse 著、劉繼 譯，2022，《單向度的人：發達工業社會的意識形態研究》。台北：麥田
Karl Marx、Friedrich Engels 著、中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧史達林著作編譯局 編譯，2009，《馬克思恩格斯文集 (5)》。北京：人民出版社
Lukács György 著、杜章智、任立、燕宏遠 譯，1996，《歷史與階級意識》。北京：商務印書館
Roland Barthes 著、江灝 譯，2019，《神話學》。台北：麥田
Althusser, compiled by Chen Yue, 2010, "Philosophy and Politics: The Althusser Reader". Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House
Written by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, translated by Chen Zhangjin, 1994, "Cultural Hegemony and Socialist Strategy". Taipei: Yuanliu
Written by Francis Fukuyama, translated by Chen Gaohua, 2014, "The End of History and the Last Man". Guilin: Guangxi University Press
Written by Herbert Marcuse, translated by Liu Ji, 2022, "One-Dimensional Man: A Study of Ideology in Advanced Industrial Society". Taipei: Wheat Field
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, compiled by the Compilation Bureau of the Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 2009, "Collected Works of Marx and Engels (5)". Beijing: People's Publishing House
Written by Lukács György, translated by Du Zhangzhi, Ren Li, and Yan Hongyuan, 1996, "History and Class Consciousness". Beijing: The Commercial Press
Written by Roland Barthes, translated by Jiang Hao, 2019, "Mythology". Taipei: Wheat Field
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 出席出席 Attend |
20 | 將會進行5次隨機點名，每次4分，不可補點，課堂小組討論時若整組未到，則整組組員額外扣4分。 |
| 每周提問每周提問 weekly questions |
26 | 該周進度若為文本閱讀或電影分析討論，則前一周周末結束前，老師會發佈一篇該周指定閱讀範圍的內容概要，請各組閱讀完文本後針對該周內容想一個簡短的問題，可以是書中看不懂的段落，或是延伸發想的提問，留言在當周老師寫的概要下方。老師會對各組提問品質進行評分，共十三次，每次最高2分。 |
| 小組討論小組討論 group discussion |
10 | 上課時會根據各組或老師提出議題進行小組討論，討論過後回應問題，整組組員可得1分，每次上課最高可得1分。 |
| 組員互評組員互評 Team members evaluate each other |
14 | 請每位同學根據這個學期，課堂上的小組討論、每周作業的參與積極度......等等，給每一位組員(包括自己)打一個0到14分的分數，評分不需向組員公開。學期結束與期末報告一同繳交給老師，所有組員評分的平均即為個人得分。 |
