何謂政策 ﹖在私領域 (如企業的經營) 稱為 “策略”，在軍事領域的專用語則是 “戰略”。
具體而言，政策是針對問題，進一步尋求解決問題的方案策略。然而，問題又是甚麼呢 ﹖簡單說，問題就是期望值與現實值之間的差距。現實值是現況的價值認知與體驗，而期望值又是從哪裡來 ﹖每個人或主體組織都有其主觀性的需求和期待價值，但並不是都能如願順利達成；這當中決定於二項因素，一者是客觀的環境有沒有提供相關價值的機會，其次是主體能力有沒有辦法或策略能夠取得。
這一系列的思維，指出了政策的啟動在於主體與環境之間的互動關係，也就是達爾文在「物種進化論」中所提的「物競天擇」--物種(主體)的競爭力決定於外在環境 (天)。根據Michael Porter，策略的首要工作就是主體根據議題項目確立它在環境中的定位 (agenda setting)，根據該定位決定政策目標。
進一步來看，當代政策的要旨是必須能夠具體操作。所以，問題的可操作性成了關鍵的步驟啟動。問題的可操作性就是讓期望值和現實值 “可量化” 或 “可辨知”；亦即根據目標特性，擬訂測量指標。然後，政策規畫者才能進一步根據問題，分析造成問題的因素結構，以及主客觀的影響因素 ( 一般運用SWOT分析)，規劃策略方案，以發揮優勢、彌補劣勢、掌握機會、繞過威脅，解決問題，並依現實狀況擬定執行計畫，完成目標。
由於當前現代化社會的生存與發展的機能錯綜複雜，尤其在全球化體系各主體之間 (包括個人、組織與國家) 高度相互依存，國家內部與外部相互間連動性漸趨緊密，然而，國家的疆域及主權在治理的功能上仍存在一定程度的 “獨立性”。所以，基於目前的現實情勢，本課程將政策研究分為「國際政策」與「公共政策」兩個子題。
簡單概括來說，這門課程所研究的內容和分析的對象概可歸納為三大部分：第一個部分是產出政策的「主體」，過去一直都被認為是政府組織，漸漸地擴大為涵蓋行政、立法及司法等的「強制型公共組織」；其次，隨著文明的進化及社會現代化之後，社會功能也逐漸多元化，於是這個主體範圍也再次擴張到「半強制型公共組織」及「非強制型公共組織」。第二個部分則是這個主體所要處理的「客體對象」，那就是個人生活層面及社會生計層面，包括它所呈現出來的訊息、隱含的問題、公共需求的目標等；簡單說，它就是主體（subject or the system) 的政策環境。第三個部分才是政策本身，這是連接主體與客體之間、具目標導向的邏輯性工具，簡言之，就是主體行動對客觀環境的影響。政策的良窳一般是以達成目標的程度（效能)及政策產出的「本益比」（效率)作為評估標準。
如果把這三個部分連貫起來思考的話，政策的產出必然包括主體對客體訊息認知及反應的程序機能。除此之外，還要包括探討政策本身的反省機制，即對政策與客體之間的互動效應，將其結果再置於目標座標上做比較。從政策研究的內容來看，客體訊息的分析，包括問題的定義及目標的確認，是屬於政治學的內涵；而主體對客體訊息認知及反應的程序機能，包括針對目標價值設定的分析程序、執行程序及評估程序，則是行政機能 (administration) 的範疇；最後連結主體系統機能與客體環境的效應內容，即決策行為效應的知識內涵，就是政策科學。
從以上的說明來看，政策在研究本質上同時具有科學與藝術的特性：一方面要具有想像力和創造力，同時更需要科學理性的訓練和素養（A. Wildavsky, Speaking the Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, 1979, pp.16-17），它所要處理的問題和事務極其繁雜；它所需要的專業也非常多元，尤其是在當代全球化的網絡體系（context)。它基本上是一個因應新時代需要而興起的跨領域和多領域的知識體系。針對這樣一個複雜、繁複的資訊領域及多元程序，同時又要面對多層面參與者及多樣化價值的體系，要想有效理順所有問題和關係，當然就必須要有一套研究方法，同時也需要將它們概念化，以整理出適用於各種情境的理論，才能有效地解釋現象、預測現象、進而處理問題、達成價值目標。What is policy? In the private field (such as business management) it is called "strategy", while in the military field the term is "strategy".
Specifically, policy is to address problems and further seek solutions and strategies to solve them. However, what is the problem? Simply put, the problem is the gap between expectations and reality. Realistic value is the value perception and experience of the current situation, and where does expected value come from? Every person or subject organization has its own subjective needs and expected values, but not all of them can be successfully achieved; this is determined by two factors. One is whether the objective environment provides opportunities for relevant value, and the second is whether the subject Is there any method or strategy to acquire the ability?
This series of thinking points out that the initiation of policy lies in the interaction between the subject and the environment, which is the "natural selection" mentioned by Darwin in the "Evolution of Species" - the competitiveness of the species (subject) is determined by External environment (heaven). According to Michael Porter, the first task of strategy is for the agent to establish its position in the environment (agenda setting) based on the issue and determine policy objectives based on this positioning.
Looking further, the essence of contemporary policy is that it must be operational. Therefore, the operability of the problem becomes a key step to initiate. The operability of the problem is to make the expected value and the actual value "quantifiable" or "identifiable"; that is, to formulate measurement indicators based on the target characteristics. Then, policy planners can further analyze the factor structure that causes the problem, as well as the subjective and objective influencing factors (generally using SWOT analysis) based on the problem, and plan strategic plans to leverage advantages, make up for disadvantages, seize opportunities, bypass threats, and solve problems. problem, and formulate an execution plan based on the actual situation to achieve the goal.
Due to the complexity of the survival and development functions of the current modern society, especially the high interdependence between the various subjects of the globalization system (including individuals, organizations and countries), the interconnection between the internal and external parts of the country is getting closer. However, the territory of the country And sovereignty still has a certain degree of "independence" in its governance functions. Therefore, based on the current realistic situation, this course divides policy research into two subtopics: "International Policy" and "Public Policy."
To put it simply, the content and analysis objects studied in this course can be summarized into three parts: the first part is the "subject" of output policy, which has been considered to be government organizations in the past, and has gradually expanded to "Compulsory public organizations" covering administration, legislation and justice; secondly, with the evolution of civilization and social modernization, social functions have gradually become diversified, so the scope of this subject has once again expanded to include "semi-mandatory public organizations" and "Non-mandatory public organization". The second part is the "objective object" that the subject has to deal with, which is the level of personal life and social livelihood, including the information it presents, the hidden problems, the goals of public needs, etc.; simply put, it is The policy environment of the subject or the system. The third part is the policy itself, which is a goal-oriented logical tool that connects the subject and the object. In short, it is the impact of the subject's actions on the objective environment. The quality of a policy is generally evaluated based on the degree to which it achieves its goals (effectiveness) and the "price-to-earnings ratio" (efficiency) of the policy output.
If these three parts are considered coherently, the output of policy must include the procedural function of the subject's recognition and reaction to the object's information. In addition, it also includes exploring the reflection mechanism of the policy itself, that is, the interaction effect between the policy and the object, and then comparing the results on the target coordinates. From the perspective of the content of policy research, the analysis of object information, including the definition of problems and the confirmation of goals, belongs to the connotation of political science; and the procedural functions of the subject's recognition and response to object information include the analysis procedures for target value setting, The execution procedures and evaluation procedures are the category of administrative functions. Finally, the effect content that connects the main system function and the object environment, that is, the knowledge connotation of the effects of decision-making behavior, is policy science.
Judging from the above explanation, policy research essentially has the characteristics of both science and art: on the one hand, it requires imagination and creativity, and at the same time, it requires the training and literacy of scientific rationality (A. Wildavsky, Speaking the Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, 1979, pp.16-17), the problems and affairs it has to deal with are extremely complex; the professions it requires are also very diverse, especially in the contemporary globalized network system (context). It is basically a cross-field and multi-field knowledge system that emerged in response to the needs of the new era. In view of such a complex and complicated information field and diverse procedures, and at the same time facing a system of multi-level participants and diverse values, in order to effectively sort out all the problems and relationships, of course we must have a set of research methods, and at the same time They need to be conceptualized to sort out theories applicable to various situations in order to effectively explain phenomena, predict phenomena, and then deal with problems and achieve value goals.
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: the eightfold path to more effective problem solving (London; N.Y.: Chatham House Publishers, 2000), Introduction & Part I.
Ryan K. Beasley, Juliet Kaarbo, Jeffrey S. Lantis & Michael T. Snarr, editors, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective: Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, 2nd edition (N.Y.: CQ press, SAGE publications Inc., 2013).
Laura Neack, The New Foreign Policy: Complex Interactions, Competing Interests, 3rd edition, 2013.
羅清俊、陳志瑋譯，Thomas R. Dye 著，《公共政策新論》（Understanding Public Policy），第一章，頁1－15。
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis，Part one, pp.1－83。
Jefferey D. Sachs, A New Foreign Policy : Beyond American Exceptionalism, 2018.
Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy ( N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
楊志誠，〈川普時代的新世局與兩岸關係的新形勢〉，PPT檔，2017。研究方法及相關理論
孫兰芝 等譯，Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki 著，《政策分 析和規劃的初步方法》，第一、三章。
羅清俊、陳志瑋譯，Thomas R. Dye 著，《公共政策新論》（Understanding Public Policy），第二章 第一、四、五、六、 八、九、十一節。
Paul A. Sabatier, editor, Theories of the Policy Process, Part 1,pp.3－17; Part 5, pp.233－275。
Giandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, & Persuasion in the Policy Process, Chaps. Two & Three, pp.21－68。
Kenneth Hoover & Todd Donovan, The Elements of Social Scientific Thinking, 6th Edition( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995)。
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, Part II & III。
余致力，《民意與公共政策》，第三、四章，頁36－80。
朱子文 譯，Larry N. Geston著，《公共政策的制定—程序與原理》， 第一〜三章。
寧騷 等編，《現代化與政府科學決策》，第三篇。
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Part two, pp.85－243。
Mark H. Moore, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Chap. 2.
公共政策的主體系統
謝綺蓉譯，Danah Zohar著，《第三智慧：運用量子思維建立組織創造性思考模式》（ReWiring the Corporate Brain），大塊文化，2001。
譚功榮、劉霞 譯，David Osborne & Peter Plastrik著，《摒棄官 僚制：政府再造的五項戰略》，北京，中國人民大學出版社，2002。
孫兰芝 等譯，Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki 著
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: the eightfold path to more effective problem solving (London; N.Y.: Chatham House Publishers, 2000), Introduction & Part I.
Ryan K. Beasley, Juliet Kaarbo, Jeffrey S. Lantis & Michael T. Snarr, editors, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective: Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, 2nd edition (N.Y.: CQ press, SAGE publications Inc., 2013).
Laura Neack, The New Foreign Policy: Complex Interactions, Competing Interests, 3rd edition, 2013.
Translated by Luo Qingjun and Chen Zhiwei, written by Thomas R. Dye, "Understanding Public Policy", Chapter 1, pages 1-15.
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Part one, pp.1-83.
Jefferey D. Sachs, A New Foreign Policy: Beyond American Exceptionalism, 2018.
Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
Yang Zhicheng, "The New World Economic Forum in the Trump Era and the New Situation of Cross-Strait Relations", PPT file, 2017. Research methods and related theories
Translated by Sun Lanzhi and others, written by Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki, "Preliminary Methods for Policy Analysis and Planning", Chapters 1 and 3.
Translated by Luo Qingjun and Chen Zhiwei, written by Thomas R. Dye, "Understanding Public Policy", Chapter 2, Sections 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11.
Paul A. Sabatier, editor, Theories of the Policy Process, Part 1, pp.3-17; Part 5, pp.233-275.
Giandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, & Persuasion in the Policy Process, Chapters Two & Three, pp.21-68.
Kenneth Hoover & Todd Donovan, The Elements of Social Scientific Thinking, 6th Edition (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995).
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, Part II & III.
Yu Zhili, "Public Opinion and Public Policy", Chapters 3 and 4, pp. 36-80.
Translated by Zhu Ziwen, written by Larry N. Geston, "Public Policy Formulation—Procedures and Principles", Chapters 1 to 3.
Ning Sao et al., eds., "Modernization and Government Scientific Decision-making", Part 3.
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Part two, pp.85-243.
Mark H. Moore, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Chap. 2.
The main body system of public policy
Translated by Xie Qirong, written by Danah Zohar, "The Third Wisdom: Using Quantum Thinking to Establish an Organizational Creative Thinking Model" (ReWiring the Corporate Brain), Block Culture, 2001.
Translated by Tan Gongrong and Liu Xia, "Abandoning Bureaucracy: Five Strategies for Government Reinvention" by David Osborne & Peter Plastrik, Beijing, Renmin University of China Press, 2002.
Translated by Sun Lanzhi and others, written by Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 出席率和課堂討論情形出席率和課堂討論情形 Attendance and class discussions |
30 | |
| 平時導讀平時導讀 Daily reading |
30 | |
| 學期末針對研究心得做口頭報告及書面報告學期末針對研究心得做口頭報告及書面報告 At the end of the semester, oral and written reports will be given on the research results. |
40 |
