何謂政策 ﹖在私領域 (如企業的經營) 稱為 “策略”，在軍事領域的專用語則是 “戰略”。
具體而言，政策是針對問題，進一步尋求解決問題的方案策略。然而，問題又是甚麼呢 ﹖簡單說，問題就是期望值與現實值之間的差距。現實值是現況的價值認知與體驗，而期望值又是從哪裡來 ﹖每個人或主體組織都有其主觀性的需求和期待價值，但並不是都能如願順利達成；這當中決定於二項因素，一者是客觀的環境有沒有提供相關價值的機會，其次是主體能力有沒有辦法或策略能夠取得。
這一系列的思維，指出了政策的啟動在於主體與環境之間的互動關係，也就是達爾文在「物種進化論」中所提的「物競天擇」--物種(主體)的競爭力決定於外在環境 (天)。根據Michael Porter，策略的首要工作就是主體根據議題項目確立它在環境中的定位 (agenda setting)，根據該定位決定政策目標。
進一步來看，當代政策的要旨是必須能夠具體操作。所以，問題的可操作性成了關鍵的步驟啟動。問題的可操作性就是讓期望值和現實值 “可量化” 或 “可辨知”；亦即根據目標特性，擬訂測量指標。然後，政策規畫者才能進一步根據問題，分析造成問題的因素結構，以及主客觀的影響因素 ( 一般運用SWOT分析)，規劃策略方案，以發揮優勢、彌補劣勢、掌握機會、繞過威脅，解決問題，並依現實狀況擬定執行計畫，完成目標。
由於當前現代化社會的生存與發展的機能錯綜複雜，尤其在全球化體系各主體之間 (包括個人、組織與國家) 高度相互依存，國家內部與外部相互間連動性漸趨緊密，然而，國家的疆域及主權在治理的功能上仍存在一定程度的 “獨立性”。所以，基於目前的現實情勢，本課程將政策研究分為「國際政策」與「公共政策」兩個子題。
簡單概括來說，這門課程所研究的內容和分析的對象概可歸納為三大部分：第一個部分是產出政策的「主體」，過去一直都被認為是政府組織，漸漸地擴大為涵蓋行政、立法及司法等的「強制型公共組織」；其次，隨著文明的進化及社會現代化之後，社會功能也逐漸多元化，於是這個主體範圍也再次擴張到「半強制型公共組織」及「非強制型公共組織」。第二個部分則是這個主體所要處理的「客體對象」，那就是個人生活層面及社會生計層面，包括它所呈現出來的訊息、隱含的問題、公共需求的目標等；簡單說，它就是主體（subject or the system) 的政策環境。第三個部分才是政策本身，這是連接主體與客體之間、具目標導向的邏輯性工具，簡言之，就是主體行動對客觀環境的影響。政策的良窳一般是以達成目標的程度（效能)及政策產出的「本益比」（效率)作為評估標準。
如果把這三個部分連貫起來思考的話，政策的產出必然包括主體對客體訊息認知及反應的程序機能。除此之外，還要包括探討政策本身的反省機制，即對政策與客體之間的互動效應，將其結果再置於目標座標上做比較。從政策研究的內容來看，客體訊息的分析，包括問題的定義及目標的確認，是屬於政治學的內涵；而主體對客體訊息認知及反應的程序機能，包括針對目標價值設定的分析程序、執行程序及評估程序，則是行政機能 (administration) 的範疇；最後連結主體系統機能與客體環境的效應內容，即決策行為效應的知識內涵，就是政策科學。
從以上的說明來看，政策在研究本質上同時具有科學與藝術的特性：一方面要具有想像力和創造力，同時更需要科學理性的訓練和素養（A. Wildavsky, Speaking the Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, 1979, pp.16-17），它所要處理的問題和事務極其繁雜；它所需要的專業也非常多元，尤其是在當代全球化的網絡體系（context)。它基本上是一個因應新時代需要而興起的跨領域和多領域的知識體系。針對這樣一個複雜、繁複的資訊領域及多元程序，同時又要面對多層面參與者及多樣化價值的體系，要想有效理順所有問題和關係，當然就必須要有一套研究方法，同時也需要將它們概念化，以整理出適用於各種情境的理論，才能有效地解釋現象、預測現象、進而處理問題、達成價值目標。What is the policy? In private areas (such as enterprise operations) is called "strategy", and in military areas, the term "strategy".
Specifically, policies are a solution to the problem and further solve the problem. However, what is the problem? Simply put, the problem is the gap between the expected value and the actual value. The actual value is the current value recognition and experience, and where does the expected value come from? Each individual or subject organization has its own value of subjective needs and expectations, but not all can be achieved smoothly as expected; there are two factors that determine whether the object-oriented environment has an opportunity to provide relevant value, and the second is the subject. Is there any way or strategy to obtain the ability?
This series of thoughts points out that the initiation of policy lies in the interaction between the subject and the environment, that is, the "object competition" mentioned by Darwin in the "Species Evolution Discussion" - the competition of species (subjects) is determined by External environment (day). According to Michael Porter, the primary task of a strategy is to determine its agenda setting in the environment based on the topic and determine policy goals based on this positioning.
Looking further, the essence of contemporary policies is that they must be able to operate in detail. Therefore, the operability of the problem has become a key step to start. The operability of the problem is to make the expected and actual values "quantitative" or "identifiable"; that is, to order measurement indicators based on the target characteristics. Only then can policy planners further analyze the structure of the factors that cause the problem and the factors that affect the subject-objective view (usually using SWOT analysis), plan strategic plans to achieve advantages, reduce disadvantages, master opportunities, and overcome threats to solve the problem. Problem, and implement the plan according to actual conditions to complete the goal.
Because the survival and development functions of the current modern society are complex, especially among the various bodies of the globalized system (including individuals, organizations and countries), they are highly interdependent, and the internal and external dynamics are closely connected. However, the territory of the country And the ownership still has a certain degree of "independence" in the function of governance. Therefore, based on the current situation, this course divides policy research into two subtopics: "International Policy" and "Public Policy".
To sum up briefly, the content and the object of analysis studied in this course can be summarized into three parts: the first part is the "subject" of the production policy, which has always been considered a government organization in the past, and has gradually expanded to The "strong public organization" covering administration, legislation and justice; secondly, with the evolution of civilization and social modernization, social functions have gradually diversified, so this subject scope has been once again expanded to "semi-strength public organization" and "Non-force public organization". The second part is the "object object" that this subject wants to deal with, that is, the personal life and social biotechnology, including the information it presents, the hidden problems, the goals of public demand, etc.; simply put, it is The policy environment of the subject or the system. The third part is the policy itself. This is a logical tool that connects the subject and the guest with a targeted orientation. In short, it is the impact of subjective actions on the guest environment. The quality of a policy is generally based on the degree (efficiency) of achieving the goal and the "prime-earning ratio" (efficiency) produced by the policy.
If these three parts are closely considered, the policy production must include the program function of the subject's recognition and response to guest messages. In addition, it also includes exploring the reflection mechanism of the policy itself, that is, the interaction effect between the policy and the object, and then putting the results on the target coordinates for comparison. Judging from the content of policy research, the analysis of object information, including the definition of problem and the confirmation of goals, is the connotation of politics; and the program function of the subject's recognition and response to object information, including the analysis program for setting target value, The execution procedures and evaluation procedures are the scope of administrative functions; finally, the effectiveness content of the main system functions and guest environment, that is, the intellectual connotation of determining the effectiveness of policy behaviors, is policy science.
Judging from the above explanation, policy has both scientific and artistic characteristics in the essence of research: on the one hand, it must be imaginative and creative, and on the other hand, it also requires scientific rational training and cultivation (A. Wildavsky, Speaking the Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, 1979, pp.16-17), the problems and affairs it needs to deal with are extremely complex; the specialties it requires are also very diverse, especially in the contemporary globalized network system (context). It is basically a cross-domain and multi-domain intellectual system that has emerged due to the needs of the new era. For such a complex and complex information domain and multi-procedure, and at the same time, it is necessary to face multi-face participants and a system of diverse values. To effectively resolve all problems and relationships, of course, there must be a set of research methods, and at the same time. They need to be conceptualized to sort out theories suitable for various situations in order to effectively explain phenomena, predict phenomena, and then deal with problems and achieve value goals.
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: the eightfold path to more effective problem solving (London; N.Y.: Chatham House Publishers, 2000), Introduction & Part I.
Ryan K. Beasley, Juliet Kaarbo, Jeffrey S. Lantis & Michael T. Snarr, editors, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective: Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, 2nd edition (N.Y.: CQ press, SAGE publications Inc., 2013).
Laura Neack, The New Foreign Policy: Complex Interactions, Competing Interests, 3rd edition, 2013.
羅清俊、陳志瑋譯，Thomas R. Dye 著，《公共政策新論》（Understanding Public Policy），第一章，頁1－15。
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis，Part one, pp.1－83。
Jefferey D. Sachs, A New Foreign Policy : Beyond American Exceptionalism, 2018.
Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy ( N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
楊志誠，〈川普時代的新世局與兩岸關係的新形勢〉，PPT檔，2017。研究方法及相關理論
孫兰芝 等譯，Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki 著，《政策分 析和規劃的初步方法》，第一、三章。
羅清俊、陳志瑋譯，Thomas R. Dye 著，《公共政策新論》（Understanding Public Policy），第二章 第一、四、五、六、 八、九、十一節。
Paul A. Sabatier, editor, Theories of the Policy Process, Part 1,pp.3－17; Part 5, pp.233－275。
Giandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, & Persuasion in the Policy Process, Chaps. Two & Three, pp.21－68。
Kenneth Hoover & Todd Donovan, The Elements of Social Scientific Thinking, 6th Edition( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995)。
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, Part II & III。
余致力，《民意與公共政策》，第三、四章，頁36－80。
朱子文 譯，Larry N. Geston著，《公共政策的制定—程序與原理》， 第一〜三章。
寧騷 等編，《現代化與政府科學決策》，第三篇。
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Part two, pp.85－243。
Mark H. Moore, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Chap. 2.
公共政策的主體系統
謝綺蓉譯，Danah Zohar著，《第三智慧：運用量子思維建立組織創造性思考模式》（ReWiring the Corporate Brain），大塊文化，2001。
譚功榮、劉霞 譯，David Osborne & Peter Plastrik著，《摒棄官 僚制：政府再造的五項戰略》，北京，中國人民大學出版社，2002。
孫兰芝 等譯，Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki 著
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: the eightfold path to more effective problem solving (London; N.Y.: Chatham House Publishers, 2000), Introduction & Part I.
Ryan K. Beasley, Juliet Kaarbo, Jeffrey S. Lantis & Michael T. Snarr, editors, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective: Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, 2nd edition (N.Y.: CQ press, SAGE publications Inc., 2013).
Laura Neack, The New Foreign Policy: Complex Interactions, Competing Interests, 3rd edition, 2013.
Luo Qingjun and Chen Zhiwei, written by Thomas R. Dye, Understanding Public Policy, Chapter 1, Pages 1-15.
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Part one, pp.1-83.
Jefferey D. Sachs, A New Foreign Policy : Beyond American Exceptionalism, 2018.
Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy ( N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
Yang Zhicheng, "The New Century in the Trump era and the New Form of Cross-Strait Relations", PPT File, 2017. Research methods and related theory
Sun Lanzhi et al., by Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki, Preliminary Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning, Chapters 1 and 3.
Luo Qingjun and Chen Zhiwei translated, by Thomas R. Dye, Understanding Public Policy, Chapter 2 Chapter 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11.
Paul A. Sabatier, editor, Theories of the Policy Process, Part 1, pp.3-17; Part 5, pp.233-275.
Gianandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, & Persuasion in the Policy Process, Chaps. Two & Three, pp.21-68.
Kenneth Hoover & Todd Donovan, The Elements of Social Scientific Thinking, 6th Edition ( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995).
Eugene Bardach, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, Part II & III.
Yu Deyi, "Public Opinion and Public Policy", Chapters 3 and 4, Pages 36-80.
Zhu Ziwen, written by Larry N. Geston, "The Development of Public Policy—Procedures and Principles", Chapters 1 to 3.
Edited by Ning Teng et al., "Modernization and Government Scientific Policy", Chapter 3.
Wayne Parsons, Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Part two, pp.85-243.
Mark H. Moore, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Chap. 2.
The main system of public policy
Thank you, Danah Zohar, "The Third Wisdom: Using Quantum Thinking to Establish Organizational Creative Thinking Patterns" (ReWiring the Corporate Brain), Dabo Culture, 2001.
"Salute Honor, Liu Xia's translation," by David Osborne & Peter Plastrik, "Repelling officials and bureaucracy: Five strategies for government reconstruction", Beijing, China People's University Press, 2002.
Sun Lanzhi et al., by Carl V. Patton & David S. Sawicki
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 出席率和課堂討論情形出席率和課堂討論情形 Attendance and class discussion situation |
30 | |
| 平時導讀平時導讀 Regular guidance |
30 | |
| 學期末針對研究心得做口頭報告及書面報告學期末針對研究心得做口頭報告及書面報告 At the end of the study, oral report and written report on research experience |
40 |
