什麼是正常、不正常，什麼是常態、病態？這些概念怎麼形成，它們的區辨判準為何，更重要的是這些判準是怎麼產生的，在區辨劃異的操作下又造成什麼效果？常態/正常成為一種強制性，同時也具區分性和排除性，對異常、變態、失序的區別、篩選、裁決和排除。亦即進行常態管理和控制，因為這些非於常態的都被視為是常態分佈和常理掌握之外的例外、偏歧、錯誤、突變，構成了對醫學、生物學、身體體型、審美標準、感官習性、分類秩序甚至法律概念的挑戰和干擾，因而被視為一種威脅和危險，更需要被懲罰、矯正、治療和監管。但也正是透過常態的判準生產和分類操作，才得以召喚、製造出非於常態的一切物事，俾能將身體、生命納入治理的範圍，同時也展示並強化統治的力量。每一歷史階段和社會都會塑造出這類做為治理技術操練對象的群類，瘋子、痲瘋病患、陰陽人、歇斯底里症女人、精神病患、殘疾者，甚至無生產力者、社會偏差者都可能納入不正常範圍。

　　傅柯於1975年法蘭西學院的演講《不正常的人》，正是試圖從歷史脈絡回答上述問題。傅柯從歷史發展過程中找出三類不正常的人，自古羅馬時代即有的畸形人，十七、十八世紀的需要改造的人以及十八世紀末手淫的兒童。這三類人到了十九世紀被建構為不正常的人。它的形成與整個制度和一系列監視和分配機制有關，同時也發展出各自不同的干預策略、管理機制和操作技術。
　　這三種人在十九世紀末被建構為不正常的人，成為社會的危險，也成為法律、教育、醫學、精神病學的知識和權力客體，這些機構共同承擔保衛社會責任，對付來自不正常人的危險。不正常人乃成為一系列權力技術和知識的對象。傅柯《不正常的人》要探討的正是：規範化/常態化權力如何出現、它的形成以及它得以安置的方式，它從不只依靠一種制度，通過各種方式，最終在不同的制度中建立起來，在我們社會中擴展了它的統治權。

　本課程目的：透過此書思考不同時代社會的常態標準如何形成，又如何界定、衡量、區劃和排除管治。最終則在追問一個事實：不正常是如何成為不正常，它們如何被差異化，以及差異對待，進而做為社會威脅的危險個體納入權力管治；再者，正常/常態又如何透過製造不正常/病態讓自身得以存在，讓治理成為日常生活遍在的機能。透過傅柯的《不正常的人》一書理解歷史過程中各式不正常人的形成以及被對待的策略和方法。也做為當代社會歧視和社會排除等相關問題的借鏡和思考。

What is normal and abnormal, what is normal and pathological? How are these concepts formed? What are their differentiating criteria? More importantly, how are these criteria generated? What are the effects of the differentiating operations? Normality/normality has become a kind of compulsion, and it is also differentiating and excluding, distinguishing, screening, judging and excluding abnormality, abnormality and disorder. That is to say, normal management and control is carried out, because these things that are not normal are regarded as exceptions, deviations, errors, and mutations outside the normal distribution and common sense. They constitute a challenge and interference to medicine, biology, body shape, aesthetic standards, sensory habits, classification order, and even legal concepts. Therefore, they are regarded as a threat and danger, and they need to be punished, corrected, treated, and supervised. But it is through the normal production and classification operations that we can summon and create everything that is not normal, so that the body and life can be brought into the scope of governance, and at the same time, the power of governance can be demonstrated and strengthened. Every historical stage and society will create this kind of group as the object of governance technology training. Madmen, lepers, intersex people, hysterical women, mentally ill people, disabled people, and even unproductive people and social deviants may be included in the abnormal category.

Foucault's lecture "Abnormal Man" at the Collège de France in 1975 was an attempt to answer the above questions from a historical context. Foucault identified three types of abnormal people from the process of historical development: deformed people that have existed since ancient Rome, people who need to be reformed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and children who masturbated at the end of the eighteenth century. These three categories of people were constructed as deviants by the nineteenth century. Its formation is related to the entire system and a series of monitoring and distribution mechanisms. It also develops different intervention strategies, management mechanisms and operating techniques.
These three types of people were constructed as abnormal people at the end of the nineteenth century and became dangers to society. They also became objects of knowledge and power in law, education, medicine, and psychiatry. These institutions jointly bear the responsibility of defending society and dealing with dangers from abnormal people. Abnormal people become the objects of a series of power technologies and knowledge. What Foucault's "Abnormal Man" wants to explore is exactly how normalized/normalized power appears, its formation and the way it is placed. It never relies on just one system, but through various methods, is finally established in different systems and expands its dominance in our society.

Purpose of this course: Through this book, we will think about how the normal standards of society in different eras are formed, and how they are defined, measured, divided and excluded from governance. Ultimately, it is asking about the fact: how abnormality becomes abnormal, how they are differentiated and treated differently, and then included in the governance of power as dangerous individuals that threaten society; moreover, how normality/normalcy allows itself to exist by creating abnormality/pathology, making governance a ubiquitous function of daily life. Through Foucault's book "Abnormal People", we can understand the formation of various abnormal people in the historical process and the strategies and methods of being treated. It also serves as a reference and reflection on related issues such as discrimination and social exclusion in contemporary society.

Foucault, Michael，《不正常的人：法蘭西學院演講系列，1974~1975》(Abnormal)（上海：上海人民出版社，2003）

Foucault, Michael, Abnormal: Collège de France Lecture Series, 1974~1975 (Abnormal) (Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2003)