羅素（B. Russell）曾經指出，1914年後，三種哲學相繼主宰了英國哲學界，首先是維根斯坦的Tractatus，第二是邏輯實證論，第三是維根斯坦的《哲學研究》。有學者更認為維根斯坦不只是主宰英國哲學界，甚至主宰了分析哲學五十年之久。哲學家對後世的影響可能是以好幾種方式出現，像是他洞見與論證的力量、原創性與真理性，也可能因為他的信徒以他從未想過的方式將其想法應用在其他的領域，甚至以跟他信念相反的方式出現。很多信徒甚至扭曲了哲學家原初的想法，但是這些扭曲解釋卻有著非常大的影響力，這都歸因於哲學家作品具備經典意涵。哲學家的經典之所以有影響力很可能也是因為它以新的方式看待舊主題與長久以來未解的爭議，並引發新主題，更重要的是這些新視野與新主題引發了廣泛的討論。上述對哲學家經典著作的說法都可以用來描述維根斯坦的《哲學研究》，它引發了新的哲學論題，像是私有語言的可能性，實指定義的分析，家族相似性概念等主題，當然也復興了舊有的主題，像是必然真理的本質、行動理論與意向分析等。本課程藉由閱讀《哲學研究》，理解後期維根思坦哲學蘊含的豐富意涵，聚焦以下幾個主題：意義與使用、語言遊戲、家族相似性、私有語言論證、規則遵循、後期維根斯坦對哲學的構想。為了達成上述目標，學生的課前準備以及出席上課就是必要的，課前準備包括花時間閱讀、註記、提問，出席課堂主要是聆聽與參與討論，將課前準備應用在討論上。B. Russell once pointed out that after 1914, three philosophical studies dominated the British philosophical world, first of which was Wigenstein's Tractatus, second as logical evidence, and third as Wigenstein's "Philosophical Research". Some scholars even believe that Wigenstein not only dominated the British philosophy community, but even dominated the analytical philosophy for fifty years. The philosopher's influence on future generations may appear in several ways, such as the power, creativity and truth of his insights and arguments, or because his followers apply his ideas to other ways in which he never thought he had never thought. The domain of the world even appears in the opposite way to his beliefs. Many believers even distort the philosopher's original ideas, but these distorted interpretations have a great influence, all because of the classical meaning of the philosopher's works. The reason why philosopher's classics have an impact is probably because it looks at the old topic and unsolved disputes over long-standing issues in a new way, and introduces new topics, and more importantly, these new visions and new topics have caused extensive discussions. The above-mentioned words of classic works by philosophers can be used to describe Wigenstein's "Philosophical Research", which inspires new philosophical topics, such as the possibility of private language, analysis of practical designations, concepts of family similarity, etc. Of course, there are old topics, such as the nature of the inevitable truth, the practice and intention analysis. By reading Philosophy Research, this course understands the rich meanings of later Vigenstan Philosophy, focusing on the following topics: meaning and use, language games, family similarity, private language certificates, rules and regulations, and later Vigen Stan's idea of philosophy. In order to achieve the above goals, students' pre-class preparation and attending classes are necessary. Pre-class preparation includes taking time to read, note, and ask questions. Attending classes is mainly about listening and participating, and applying pre-class preparations to discussions.
維特根斯坦(Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein)著（陳嘉映譯）：《哲學研究》，臺北市：五南，2020年。
Ludwig Wittgenstein (Author), G. E. M. Anscombe, Joachim Schulte, P. M. S. Hacker(Translators). Philosophical Investigations (4th edition). Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
By Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (Reprinted by Chen Jiaying): "Philosophical Research", Taipei City: Wunan, 2020.
Ludwig Wittgenstein (Author), G. E. M. Anscombe, Joachim Schulte, P. M. S. Hacker(Translators). Philosophical Investigations (4th edition). Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 出席出席 Attend |
20 | 每出席一次一分，全勤20分。 |
| 課堂討論與作業課堂討論與作業 Class discussions and operations |
80 | 每次課堂討論與課後作業佔5%，共16次。 |
