羅素（B. Russell）曾經指出，1914年後，三種哲學相繼主宰了英國哲學界，首先是維根斯坦的Tractatus，第二是邏輯實證論，第三是維根斯坦的《哲學研究》。有學者更認為維根斯坦不只是主宰英國哲學界，甚至主宰了分析哲學五十年之久。哲學家對後世的影響可能是以好幾種方式出現，像是他洞見與論證的力量、原創性與真理性，也可能因為他的信徒以他從未想過的方式將其想法應用在其他的領域，甚至以跟他信念相反的方式出現。很多信徒甚至扭曲了哲學家原初的想法，但是這些扭曲解釋卻有著非常大的影響力，這都歸因於哲學家作品具備經典意涵。哲學家的經典之所以有影響力很可能也是因為它以新的方式看待舊主題與長久以來未解的爭議，並引發新主題，更重要的是這些新視野與新主題引發了廣泛的討論。上述對哲學家經典著作的說法都可以用來描述維根斯坦的《哲學研究》，它引發了新的哲學論題，像是私有語言的可能性，實指定義的分析，家族相似性概念等主題，當然也復興了舊有的主題，像是必然真理的本質、行動理論與意向分析等。本課程藉由閱讀《哲學研究》，理解後期維根思坦哲學蘊含的豐富意涵，聚焦以下幾個主題：意義與使用、語言遊戲、家族相似性、私有語言論證、規則遵循、後期維根斯坦對哲學的構想。為了達成上述目標，學生的課前準備以及出席上課就是必要的，課前準備包括花時間閱讀、註記、提問，出席課堂主要是聆聽與參與討論，將課前準備應用在討論上。

B. Russell once pointed out that after 1914, three philosophies successively dominated the British philosophical world. The first was Wittgenstein's Tractatus, the second was logical positivism, and the third was Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. Some scholars even believe that Wittgenstein not only dominated the British philosophy world, but even dominated analytic philosophy for fifty years. A philosopher's influence on future generations may come in several ways, such as the power, originality, and truth of his insights and arguments, or it may be because his followers apply his ideas to other fields in ways he never thought of, or even in ways that are contrary to his beliefs. Many believers even distort the original ideas of the philosophers, but these distorted interpretations have a very large influence, which is attributed to the classic meaning of the philosopher's works. The influence of the philosopher's classics is probably also because it looks at old topics and long-unresolved controversies in new ways, and triggers new topics. More importantly, these new horizons and new topics trigger extensive discussions. The above descriptions of the philosopher's classic works can be used to describe Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, which gave rise to new philosophical topics, such as the possibility of private language, the analysis of ostensive definitions, the concept of family resemblance, and of course revived old topics, such as the nature of necessary truth, action theory, and intentional analysis. This course reads "Philosophical Investigations" to understand the rich implications of late Wittgenstein's philosophy, focusing on the following topics: meaning and use, language games, family resemblances, private language arguments, rule following, and later Wittgenstein's conception of philosophy. In order to achieve the above goals, students' pre-class preparation and attendance in class are necessary. Pre-class preparation includes spending time reading, taking notes, and asking questions. Class attendance mainly involves listening and participating in discussions, and applying pre-class preparations to discussions.

維特根斯坦(Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein)著（陳嘉映譯）：《哲學研究》，臺北市：五南，2020年。

Ludwig Wittgenstein (Author), G. E. M. Anscombe, Joachim Schulte, P. M. S. Hacker(Translators). Philosophical Investigations (4th edition). Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Wittgenstein (Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein) (translated by Chen Jiaying): "Philosophical Studies", Taipei City: Wunan, 2020.

Ludwig Wittgenstein (Author), G. E. M. Anscombe, Joachim Schulte, P. M. S. Hacker(Translators). Philosophical Investigations (4th edition). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.