這是一個文明、理性、現代性的時代，也是一個種族、民族和宗教自相殘殺的時代，在種族極端歧視、宗教基本教義和生存競爭壓迫的諸多因素下，人類的集體屠殺和迫害，接續不斷，至今不絕，它已構持我們歷史的一部分。種族永遠是一場持續不斷的戰爭，種族的外部清洗，內部殖民，種族與種族間的戰爭，種族主義與反種族主義的鬥爭，從來都是人類文明的主題，而人類如何對抗自己的種族偏見與自身的種族歧視戰爭，更是今後人類文明必需共同面對和處理的課題。
在種族仇恨和種族烽火仍蔓延不休的今日，我們有必要深入歴史現場，透過時間縱深向度，理解古今種族屠殺、戰爭的外在脈絡、內在結構、構成屠殺可能的條件以及如何迴避的方式。種族歧視、衝突以致更激烈的滅絕屠殺或戰爭行為，伴隨人類文明發展，早期較重要如歐洲征服新世界，美國、澳洲對原住民的以及白人殖民者對非洲的屠殺。而至二十紀初第一起大規模種族滅絕事件的亞美尼亞大屠殺，到構成人類集體創傷和無盡反思納粹大屠殺，使得「人為、系統性、有計劃對某一個或一些種族、民族、宗教或國民團體進行全體性或局部性的屠殺」 的「種族滅絕」 （genocide）字眼正式浮上檯面，伴隨戰爭成為國際性議題。納粹對猶太人的滅絕行動，更是一場既具獨特性也具常態性大屠殺，就某一方面而言是獨一無二的，但其做為種族滅絕的案例卻非獨一無二，因為距今尚不遠的南斯拉夫和盧安達的血腥種族清洗的出現，在在說明了種族衝突和屠殺滅絕已成為當代社會的常態議題和我們文明的一部份。粗估二十世紀因種族衝突死亡人數達七千萬人之多。
種族歧視如何形成，如何導致種族衝突的發生，又如何走到極端的蓄意性的屠殺和清洗，這種種族滅絕行動又有何特色，它跟我們的文明、現代性或民主有何關係？正是關鍵之所在。殂歷史中我們見證種族偏見如何助長衝突暴行，暴行怒火又如何挑起更嚴重的種族仇恨和屠殺。即便戰爭結束，但種族主義意識型態並未消失，反而深根于現代性社會，隨時伺機再起戰火。其問題根源複雜糾葛，涉面廣泛，如杜博依斯(Du Bois)指出：「二十世紀的問題乃是以膚色分界的問題」。當代著名社會學家Bauman則從屠殺的運作過程指出，納粹種族大屠殺的根源正是人類的理性和現代性，就是我們據以生活的文明。現代性弔詭的成為大納粹殺的歷史條件，也開啟了大屠殺的本質及其與文明、理性、現代性關係的思考。另一位社會學家Michael Mann也指出種族清洗是現代大惡之一。猶太大屠殺蓄意性的種族清洗是現代現象，這類蓄意性的種族清洗和淨化放在當前脈絡構成了民主的陰暗面，是民主時代一大危機。這些種族衝突和清洗行為不是外生的，它屬於我們文明和我們自身。
分析當前種族衝突，往往與宗教衝突交織在一起，族群差異與社會差異糾纏在一起，種族衝突和階級衝突相互激發。它還涉及殖民/反殖民/內部殖民等因素。二十世紀一些有預謀的種族滅絕更是打著實現國家新秩序計劃而行或是利用種族主義做為戰爭工具。這些種族衝突引發的戰爭不少屬於內戰，衝突甚至起於幾乎不可見的差別，屠殺對象不只是與你相異的人，更是與你相似者，同化者才是最可怕的敵人。交戰雙方虛構了民族的神話和歷史，合理化衝突淨化行為，因此大多數種族暴力產生於社群內部，而非社群之間；而大規模殺害行動的執行者也大都是平凡正常的人。這是當代種族衝突的特性之一，普通人如何成為惡魔。
更進一步分析當代種族衝突發生原因則涉及到：相互競爭主權、民主或威權體制、國家統一或分歧、國家衰弱和派系分裂、資源分配不均、階級/種族的差異、極端加害者的互動造成激化衝突等因素。
在上述問題脈絡下，本課程將透過種族主義概念和源流的探索，深入種族歧視的根源：人種分類、膚色如何成為種族界、歧視界限的黑色問題；黑色身體如何構成為社會威脅以及黑人的外在處境和內在生活。接著上溯歷史種族屠殺的特性，下探當代種族屠殺與現代性關係，並涉入二十世紀之前的美洲、非洲殖民、原住民屠殺的歴史事實，同時探討亞洲/太平洋地區，日本如何以種族主義之名發起侵略戰爭，並合理化自身的殖民掠奪政策，「種族」如何成為挪用的工具，在戰爭中扮演關鍵角色。最後進入當代種族衝突世界，透過幾起重大的典範事件：亞美尼亞、納粹屠猶、南斯拉夫、盧安達的種族滅絕和淨化事件探討種族衝突的肇因、形成的過程、擴大的要素以及產生的特性和效應。同時也提供促成屠殺可能的條件以及如何化解種族衝突，避免種族滅絕發生的作為，是本課程的目的；人生而不同，但生而平等，是現代公民必有的認知和公民權利的體現，則是本課程最終關懷。
This is an era of civilization, rationality, modernity, and it is also an era of self-destruction between ethnic, ethnic and religion. Under the numerous factors of extreme discrimination, basic religious religion and survival competition, the collective massacre and persecution of humans continues to be Continuously, it has been a part of our history. A race is always a constant battle, the external cleansing of races, internal colonization, the war between races, the struggle between races and anti-racialism has always been the theme of human civilization, and how humans can resist their own race biases and Their own racial discrimination is a subject that human civilizations must face and deal with together.
Today, when ethnic hatred and ethnic wars continue to spread, it is necessary to go deep into the historical scene, and through the depth of time, we can understand the external structure, internal structure, possible conditions for the murder and how to avoid it. Racial discrimination, conflict and more intense murders or wars, accompanied by the development of human civilization, were more important in the early days, such as Europe conquering the new world, the United States, Australia's murders of indigenous peoples, and white colonists' murders of Africa. By the beginning of the 20th, the first large-scale massacre murder of the Armenian Massacre was to organize the collective invasion of adults and the unscrupulous reflection of the Nazi massacre, which made it "human, systematic, planned to be a certain race, ethnicity, religion or The word "genocide" (genocide) of the national group conducting a full or local murder, officially floated on the surface, and it became an international issue of war. The Nazi's absolute action against the Jews was a massacre that was both unique and common. In one aspect, it was unique, but the case of the genocide was not unique because it was not far away. The emergence of bloody ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia and Luanda shows that ethnic conflicts and murders have never been a common topic of contemporary society and part of our civilization. It is roughly estimated that the number of people who died in the 20th century due to clan conflicts reached 70 million.
How does racial discrimination form, how can it lead to the occurrence of ethnic conflicts, and how can it go to extreme deliberate murder and purge? What are the characteristics of this racial absolute action? What is its relationship with our civilization, modernity or democracy? It's the key point. In the history of death, we have witnessed how racial prejudice can help conquer conflicts and atrocities, and how atrocities arouse more serious racial hatred and murder. Even though the war ended, the racist ideology has not disappeared, but has been deeply rooted in modern society and is ready to fight again at any time. The root of the problem is complicated and has a wide range of aspects. For example, Du Bois pointed out: "The problem in the 20th century is the problem of dividing the color of the skin." Bauman, a famous contemporary socialist, pointed out from the process of murder, that the root cause of the Nazi massacre is human rationality and modernity, which is the civilization we live in. The historical condition of modern sexual sage became the Nazi killing, and also opened up the essence of the massacre and its thinking on its relationship with civilization, rationality, and modernity. Another socialist, Michael Mann, also pointed out that ethnic cleansing is one of the great evils in modern times. The deliberate ethnic cleansing of the Holy Massacre is a modern phenomenon. This deliberate ethnic cleansing and purification in the current corporal structure has become the dark side of democracy and is a major crisis in the era of democracy. These racial conflicts and purge behaviors are not exogenous, they belong to our civilization and ourselves.
Analysis of the current ethnic conflicts, which are often associated with religious conflicts, and ethnic differences and social differences are intertwined, and ethnic conflicts and level conflicts are mutually intensifying. It also involves factors such as colonial/anti-colonial/internal colonialism. In the 20th century, some predictable races have been in line with the realization of the new national order plan or used racialism as tools of war. Many of these race conflicts are caused by internal wars, and the conflicts even arise from almost unseen differences. The targets of murder are not only those who are different from you, but also those who are similar to you, and those who are assimilators are the most terrifying enemy. The two sides of the war virtually construct the myths and history of the nation, rationalizing conflicts and purifying behaviors, so most ethnic violence occurs within the community, not among the community; and the perpetrators of large-scale murderous actions are also ordinary and normal people. This is one of the characteristics of contemporary racial conflicts, how ordinary people become demons.
Further analysis of the causes of contemporary ethnic conflicts involves: mutual ruling power, democracy or authority system, national unity or differences, national weakness and factional division, uneven resource allocation, level/ethnic differences, and interactions with extreme perpetrators caused by intensification conflicts and other factors.
Under the above problems, this course will explore the concepts of racialism and the source of the source: how human classification, how skin color becomes the black problem of the race boundaries, the boundaries of discrimination; how black bodies form social threats and black people External situation and inner life. Then, we look back at the characteristics of historical genocide and modern sexual relations, and involve the historical facts of American, African colonization and indigenous slaughter before the 20th century. At the same time, we explore how Japan uses racialism in the Asia/Pacific region. In the name of the name of launching an aggressive war and rationalizing its own colonial and piracy policies, how "gender" becomes a tool for appropriation and plays a key role in the war. Finally, we entered the contemporary world of ethnic conflicts, and explored the causes, processes of formation, expanded elements and characteristics of generations through several major classic events: the racial insurgency and purification events of Armenia, Nazi Taus, Yugoslavia, and Luanda. Effective. At the same time, it is also the purpose of this course to provide conditions that promote the possible murder and how to resolve ethnic conflicts and avoid the eventual occurrence of ethnic disasters. People are born different but born equal, which is the realization of the knowledge and civil rights that modern citizens must have. This course is the final concern.
Arendt, Hannah，《平凡的邪惡：艾希曼耶路撒冷大審記實》（台北：玉山社，2013）
------------，《極權主義的起源》（台北：時報出版社，）
Bauman, Zygmunt，《現代性與大屠殺》(Modernity and the Holocaust)（南京：譯
林出版社，2011）
Chirot & McCauley，《為什麼不殺光：種族大屠殺的反思》(Why not kill them all?)
（北京：三聯書店，2012）
Dower W., John，《無情之戰：太平洋戰爭中的種族與強權》(Race and Power in the Pacific War)（北京：中信出版社，2019）
Du Bois W. E. B.，《黑人的靈魂》(The Souls of Black Folk)（台北：聯經出版公司，
2018）
d’Appolionia, Ariane Chebel，《種族主義的邊界》（北京：社會科學文獻出版社，
2015）
Fanon, Frantz，《黑皮膚，白面具》(Peau Noire, Masques Blancs)（台北：心靈工
坊，2005）
Friendlander, Henry，《從安樂死到最終解決》(The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the final sloution)（北京：北京出版社，2002）
Horne, Gerald，《種族戰爭：白人至上主義與日本對大英帝國的攻擊》(Race War: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire)（台北：遠足文化，2017）
Jacoby, Russell，《殺戮欲》(Bloodlust)（北京：商務印書館，2013）
Keane, John，《暴力與民主》(Violence and Democracy)（北京：中央編譯出版社，
2014）
Kenidi, Ibram X.，《生而被標籤：美國種族歧視思想的歷史源流》(Stamped from the Begining)（台北：馬可孛羅，2019）
Kiernan, Ben，《血與土：一部種族屠殺與滅絕的世界史》(Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination From Sparta to Darfur)（台北：五南圖
書，2017）
Mann, Michael，《民主的陰暗面》(The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining of Ethnic Cleansing )（北京：中央編譯出版社，2015）
Schlee, Gunther，《何以為敵：族群與宗教衝突論綱》(How Enemies are Made)（北
京：社會科學文獻出版社，2017）
Taguieff, Pierre-Andre，《種族主義源流》（北京：三聯書店，2005）
Todorov, Tzvetan，《我們與他人：關於人類多樣性的法蘭西思考》（北京：北京大
學出版社，2014）
Arendt, Hannah, "Ordinary Evil: Eschmann's Review of Jerusalem" (Taipei: Yushanshe, 2013)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust (Nanjing: Translation
Lin Publishing House, 2011)
Chirot & McCauley, Why not kill them all?
(Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 2012)
Dower W., John, Race and Power in the Pacific War (Beijing: CITIC Press, 2019)
Du Bois W. E. B., The Souls of Black Folk (Taipei: Joint Publishing Company,
2018)
d’Appolionia, Ariane Chebel, The Neighborhood of Racialism (Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press,
2015)
Fanon, Frantz, "Peau Noire, Masques Blancs" (Taipei: Spiritual Worker
2005)
Friendlander, Henry, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the final slout (Beijing: Beijing Press, 2002)
Horne, Gerald, Race War: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire (Taipei: Far-Foot Culture, 2017)
Jacoby, Russell, Bloodlust (Beijing: Commercial Press, 2013)
Keane, John, Violence and Democracy (Beijing: Central Editorial Press,
2014)
Kenidi, Ibram X., "Born Tagged: The Historical Origin of American Racial Disparate Thoughts" (Stamped from the Begining) (Taipei: Makoboro, 2019)
Kiernan, Ben, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination From Sparta to Darfur (Taipei: Wunan Picture
Book, 2017)
Mann, Michael, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining of Ethnic Cleansing (Beijing: Central Editorial Press, 2015)
Schlee, Gunther, How Enemies are Made (North
Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press, 2017)
Taguieff, Pierre-Andre, "The Origin of Racial Issues" (Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 2005)
Todorov, Tzvetan, "We and Others: Francis Thinking on Human Variety" (Beijing: Beijing University
Science Press, 2014)
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 課堂報告和出席 課堂報告和出席 Class Reports and Attendance |
25 | 課程以講授和討論方式進行，每安排同學負責閱讀材料之摘要報告，和閱讀心得，並提出問題，除嘗試回達所提問題外，也帶動全班討論。A4一頁，報告當天書面繳交。請勿無故缺席課堂報告（無法到課報告請事先請假）。不定期點名，出席率列入平時成績計算。 |
| 平時作業平時作業 Normal operation |
25 | 每位同學需就各週之指定教材，任選六篇撰寫閱讀心得，期中考前和期末考前各繳三篇，每篇A4一頁左右書面繳交。切勿缺繳。 |
| 期中/期末考試期中/期末考試 Midterm/final exam |
50 | (分數各佔25%)申論題,非攜書應試。 |
