在當代自由民主的政治體制中，隨著資本主義的快速發展，為利益競逐的「遊說」活動與日俱增。根據「團體多元主義」（Pluralism），由於個人在決策形成的過程中所能扮演的角色非常微小、甚至毫無影響力，在這樣的假設下，個人自由主義的精神要得到落實，個人就必須依據共同利益和意識組成團體，透過團體的力量才能在政治系統中有比較重要的表現，也反映個人在政治運作上的重要性。
在實務上，從事遊說工作者可能是與媒體、相關政府機構的官員、國會議員、幕僚或助理人員等接觸，其影響層面深遠。美國的遊說團體，在全國各個政治中心（特別是華盛頓周圍）聚集了一大群的專業說客，包括律師、公關專家、或直接稱自己為執業說客 (lobbyist) 的人；他們成了各種利益的代言人，可能企圖在選舉、立法、政府執行方案，甚至司法審判的過程中發揮影響力。
整體來看，遊說活動有助於提升民主的普遍參與，但為了防止不當的利益輸送以及圖利特定團體，就必須要求遊說活動公開且受到規範，主要是強制從事遊說活動的組織或個人，必須向政府相關單位登記，並報告其經費收支與活動內容，以便接受社會大眾的監督。
顯然，要求遊說者必須登錄的陽光體制，影響國會議員本身的利益甚鉅，因而在美國也一直未獲通過。到了1946年，美國國會才正式通過《聯邦遊說管理法》，遊說透明化的精神才初步落實。隨後又為了改善1946年以來《聯邦遊說管理法》的實務缺失，美國國會在1995年又廢止了《聯邦遊說管理法》，通過《遊說公開法》，柯林頓總統於1995年12月19日簽署，於1996年1月1日生效。《遊說公開法》最重要的立法目的，是讓民眾了解受雇的「遊說者」如何影響聯邦政府的立法與行政部門，同時增加遊說行為的透明度，也有助於增加民眾對政府的信任感。
基本上，美國遊說法一直是偏向「管理」，而非「限制」遊說行為。然而，隨著競選經費快速飆升，「硬錢」和「軟錢」充斥政壇，二十一世紀初，遊走於華盛頓的知名說客Jack Abramoff多次以豪華旅遊、高爾夫球會費、高級餐宴等高價，行賄國會議員及高階行政官員，換取特定議員做出對其客戶有利的決定。醜聞在2005年東窗事發後，又通過了《誠實領袖與政府公開法》，對1995年的《遊說公開法》做進一步的補強。「遊說」既然是人民意見表達的行為，如果想透過立法來「管理」，那麼就必須在保障人民表達意見的自由、顧及社會公平正義、保全人民隱私權、以及防止不當的金權交易之間尋求平衡。
當民主浪潮不斷演進，社會多元化之後，台灣也面對同樣的形勢。由於初期缺乏經驗，利益團體從事廣泛活動漫無約束，影響所及包括民意代表、行政人員、政黨要員，甚或獨立審判的司法人員，整個社會對遊說活動產生了負面的觀感；金權政治逐日嚴重，為社會所詬病。因此，我國在2007年通過《遊說法》，最大的目的就是希望能夠杜絕不當的利益輸送，將利益團體及民眾的「陳情」與「請託」制度化，循公開透明的程序，以達到公平的政治參與。
最後，既然遊說是民主政治運行中的必然，那麼就必須「正視」它；如何在法律規範的憲政體制內，依據自由民主的精神，掌握賽局規則，發揮遊說的功能，獲取民主體制內的正當性權益。如果真正要發揮遊說的效能，就必須從體制探討與程序規畫二大層面進行統合。
本課程的授課內容分為二大部分：遊說體制的探討與遊說的策略規劃。
第一部分解說美國遊說體制的發展與內容，以及我國遊說體制的內容；
第二部分探討遊說的策略，從運用體制的遊戲規則，建立溝通開始；其次，啟動溝通，表達立場之後，將如何說服；如果無法取得對方的完全同意時，該如何進行利益交換的折衝與協商，以達成協議。
這一系列的行動都必須事先做縝密的規劃，即兵法所說：多算者勝，少算者不勝。
本課程將要求分組 (3至5人一組，視修課人數多少決定) 。期末時各組選定一個議題，分為遊說者與被遊說對象二邊，進行遊說。
如何分組及規劃將在課堂上詳細說明。每一組將於期末實地進行遊說，完成後做成紀錄，配合演練前的策略規劃及演練後的評論，整合成期末報告 (每組一份報告)。學期成績的評量由三部分加總：分組工作的完成 20%；上課出席狀況 30%；遊說演練 30%； 期末報告 20%。In the contemporary liberal democratic political system, with the rapid development of capitalism, "lobbying" activities to compete for interests are increasing day by day. According to "group pluralism" (Pluralism), since individuals can play a very small or even no influence in the decision-making process, under this assumption, if the spirit of individual liberalism is to be implemented, individuals must Groups are formed based on common interests and consciousness. Only through the power of the group can it have a more important performance in the political system, and it also reflects the importance of individuals in political operations.
In practice, lobbyists may come into contact with the media, officials of relevant government agencies, members of Congress, staff or assistants, etc. The impact is far-reaching. American lobbying groups have gathered a large group of professional lobbyists in various political centers across the country (especially around Washington), including lawyers, public relations experts, or people who directly call themselves lobbyists; they have become the basis for various interests. Spokespersons may attempt to exert influence in elections, legislation, government implementation programs, and even judicial processes.
On the whole, lobbying activities help to improve the general participation in democracy, but in order to prevent improper transfer of interests and benefit specific groups, lobbying activities must be made public and regulated, mainly by forcing organizations or individuals engaged in lobbying activities to Register with relevant government units and report its revenue and expenditure and activity content in order to accept public supervision.
Obviously, the sunshine system that requires lobbyists to log in greatly affects the interests of members of Congress themselves, so it has never been passed in the United States. It was not until 1946 that the U.S. Congress formally passed the Federal Lobbying Management Act, and the spirit of lobbying transparency was initially implemented. Subsequently, in order to improve the practical deficiencies of the Federal Lobbying Management Act since 1946, the U.S. Congress repealed the Federal Lobbying Management Act in 1995 and passed the Lobbying Disclosure Act. President Clinton passed the Lobbying Disclosure Act on December 19, 1995. Signed and effective on January 1, 1996. The most important legislative purpose of the "Lobbying Disclosure Act" is to let the public understand how hired "lobbyists" influence the legislative and executive departments of the federal government. It will also increase the transparency of lobbying behavior and help increase the public's trust in the government.
Basically, U.S. lobbying laws have always been biased toward “management” rather than “restriction” of lobbying behavior. However, as campaign funds soared rapidly, "hard money" and "soft money" flooded the political arena. At the beginning of the 21st century, Jack Abramoff, a well-known Washington lobbyist, repeatedly offered luxury travel, golf membership fees, high-end dinners, etc. Bribing members of Congress and high-level administrative officials at high prices in exchange for specific members of Congress making decisions that would benefit their clients. After the scandal came to light in 2005, the Honest Leaders and Open Government Act was passed to further strengthen the 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act. Since "lobbying" is an act of expressing people's opinions, if you want to "manage" it through legislation, then you must strike a balance between protecting the people's freedom to express their opinions, taking into account social fairness and justice, preserving people's right to privacy, and preventing improper financial transactions. Find balance.
As the wave of democracy continues to evolve and society diversifies, Taiwan is also facing the same situation. Due to the lack of experience in the early stage, interest groups engaged in a wide range of activities without restraint, affecting public opinion representatives, administrative personnel, political party officials, and even independent judicial personnel. The entire society had a negative perception of lobbying activities; money-right politics became increasingly serious day by day. , criticized by society. Therefore, the biggest purpose of our country's adoption of the "Lobbying Law" in 2007 is to put an end to improper transfer of interests, institutionalize the "complaints" and "petitions" of interest groups and the public, and follow open and transparent procedures to achieve fairness. political participation.
Finally, since lobbying is inevitable in the operation of democratic politics, it must be "faced"; how to master the rules of the game, exert the function of lobbying, and obtain benefits within the democratic system within the constitutional system of legal regulations and in accordance with the spirit of liberal democracy. Legitimate rights and interests. If lobbying is to be truly effective, it must be integrated from two levels: institutional discussion and procedural planning.
The teaching content of this course is divided into two parts: discussion of the lobbying system and lobbying strategic planning.
The first part explains the development and content of the US lobbying system, as well as the content of our country’s lobbying system;
The second part explores lobbying strategies, starting from using the rules of the game to establish communication; secondly, how to persuade after initiating communication and expressing your position; if you cannot obtain the full consent of the other party, how to negotiate and negotiate for interest exchange , to reach an agreement.
This series of actions must be carefully planned in advance, which is what the art of war says: Those who calculate more will win, and those who calculate less will not win.
This course will require students to be divided into groups (a group of 3 to 5 people, depending on the number of students taking the course). At the end of the period, each group selects an issue and is divided into lobbyists and lobbyists to lobby.
How to group and plan will be explained in detail in class. Each group will carry out on-the-spot lobbying at the end of the period. After completion, a record will be made, combined with the strategic planning before the exercise and comments after the exercise, and integrated into a final report (one report for each group). The semester grade is evaluated by the sum of three parts: completion of group work 20%; class attendance 30%; lobbying exercises 30%; final report 20%.
* 楊志誠，溝通、說服與談判，逢甲大學出版社，2016。
* 劉青雷，衝突與妥協：美國利益團體與遊說活動，時報文化出版社，1988。
* 武田哲男 著，王梓權 譯，《如何交涉與遊說》，1992。
* Yang Zhicheng, Communication, Persuasion and Negotiation, Fengjia University Press, 2016.
* Liu Qinglei, Conflict and Compromise: Interest Groups and Lobbying Activities in the United States, Times Culture Publishing House, 1988.
* Written by Tetsuo Takeda, translated by Wang Ziquan, "How to Negotiate and Lobby", 1992.
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 完成分組工作，並透過協商決定遊說議題完成分組工作，並透過協商決定遊說議題 Complete group work and decide lobbying issues through consultation |
20 | 訓練學習者如何針對環境需求規劃模組和任務 (team works)。 |
| 實地進行遊說演練實地進行遊說演練 Conduct lobbying exercises on the spot |
30 | 知識的目的在於創造價值，實做是落實教學目標必要的工具。 |
| 實地演練完成後，做成期末的書面報告實地演練完成後，做成期末的書面報告 After the field exercise is completed, prepare a final written report |
20 | 書面報告除了描述遊說的過程之外，並做出評論和心得。 |
| 上課出席率和參與討論的情況上課出席率和參與討論的情況 Class attendance and participation in discussions |
30 | 出席率代表學習態度，以及對課題的求知熱情。 |
