台灣從1960年代開始，從農業轉型至工業、製造業的發展長河裡，勞動力對於經濟發展的貢獻毋庸置疑，然而締造經濟奇蹟的不可或缺的推手，究竟是政策、領導者？或是付出勞動果實的低階勞動者？他/她們的勞動血淚史，被刻意隱没在發展歷史的灰燼中。然而深入檢視在數十年的經濟轉型過程中，大量勞動力參與的特質可知，因應市場不穩定與資本快速發展的產業需求，雇主需要招募容易、好用又好丟棄的勞動力，因此女性勞動力，尤指已婚婦女勞動力，成為產業預備軍的首選，因為她們的彈性特質非常好用，這個勞動力的僱傭策略對於低階婦女的影響更為深遠，因為階級地位區隔開了勞動力的產業屬性、性別屬性，從農業社會的家戶生產組織開始，低階家戶的女性的勞動力因家戶經濟的壓力，從家庭釋出到勞動市場，補充了工業化社會的勞動力需求，低階女性的勞動力屬性也從無酬家屬人力成為了受雇工作者或自雇者。
至今已歷經了五十多年的社會變遷，低階女性的勞動生涯，大致符應家戶動力與家戶經濟的需求，有以下軌跡：未婚女性到加工出口區做女工；已婚婦女承接家庭手工代工的外包點；孩子大了，家務責任減輕後，婦女受雇成為服務業人員，專業白領階級；甚或是成為獨當一面、自營作業的「老板娘」，另外也有人選擇部份工時的非正式勞動型態。無論是哪一種勞動軌跡，低階女性的階級地位都難以提升。
伊慶春、章英華(2008)對於已婚女性勞動力如何運用，與家戶經濟需求之間的因果關係指出：｢女性轉入非正式部門顯示了家庭制度與勞動市場的妥協｣。意即在父權體制底下，表面上雖仍維繫傳統的男主外、女主內的性別分工模式，但隨時代變遷，實質上正面臨了女性勞動力如何多元、彈性運用的新的勞動市場需求，然而已婚女性的就業選擇非常有限，偏向女性化工作的類屬，端繫於家庭責任能否兼顧，為了能就近照顧幼兒，擔負起母職的角色，已婚女性會選擇能夠保有自己的工作空間與較具彈性的時間的工作性質。其中又以自營作業者最適宜，一面在店面做生意，一面兼顧家庭責任的｢自雇老板娘｣，成為因應家庭與工作之兩難困境的生存策略。
根據研究結果指出：大部份自雇女性都有非薪資雇員的父親或丈夫，而社會網絡更是女性成為自雇者過程中所扮演的關鍵角色。因為社會資本可以降低自雇的風險，故自雇女性所擁有的社會資本必須更加多元與異質，尤指弱連結的中介效用。
在資本主義全球化的脈絡下，「女性」以「勞動」謀生的方式，又藉由「移動」產生了跨越地理界線的勞動分工鍊結的階層化體制，如Hochschild(2002)在《Global Woman》一書中提出｢性別革命｣一詞，主要是針對女性移民全球化的現象所提出的經驗性詮釋，她特別觀察到在富裕與貧窮的國家中，較少家庭可以只依賴男性為養家糊口者，已有越來越多的女性成為唯一的、主要的，或共同對等的賺錢者，美國有一半以上的家庭就是如此。所以我們在台灣社會中，也看到越來越多的家務移工進入私人家戶中成為照顧高齡者與幼兒的孝道外包者，這就是全球保母鏈的意涵。此現象也精確點出資本全球化下的經濟、社會結構之發展與變遷，如何左右個人的生存機會。
為了更深入理解性別、階級與僱傭策略之間的交互關係，本學期課程將選擇東海學區周邊的自雇者等做為田野訪談對象，進行「性別、階級與僱傭策略」的質性研究。小吃店的老板娘、老板或是其他各行各業，希冀透過第一手的實地觀察與面對面的深度訪談，引領大學生進入台灣在地勞動現場，看看自雇者如何規劃時間，如何運用其勞動力，以及如何連結家庭責任與家戶經濟兩者，在非正式勞動市場中，檢視階級與勞動力運用策略的社會學意義。
Since the 1960s, Taiwan has transformed from agricultural industry to industrial and manufacturing industry development. There is no doubt that its contribution to economic development is the indispensable driving force. However, is it the indispensable driving force that creates the economic miracle? Or a low-level athlete who has given real results? His/her bloody history has been deliberately hidden in the dust of development history. However, after a deeper look at the characteristics of a large amount of power participation in the decades of economic transformation, it can be seen that due to the unstable market and the rapid development of capital, employers need to recruit easy, easy-to-use and easy-to-cancel labor force. Therefore, female power, especially married women's power, has become the first choice for industrial preparation soldiers, because their elastic characteristics are very useful. This labor employment strategy is for The influence of low-level women is more profound because the level of status has separated the industrial and sexual attributes of labor. Since the domestic production organization of the agricultural society, the power of women with low-level families has been exported from the family to the labor market due to the pressure of household economics, which has supplemented the power demand of industrial society. The power attribute of low-level women has also changed from unpaid domestic labor to employed workers or self-employed people.
The social change that has been going on for more than 50 years, and the labor career of low-level women is roughly in line with the needs of family dynamics and family economy. There are the following consequences: unmarried women work as female workers in the processing and export areas; married women undertake the outsourcing of family manual OEM; when the children grow up and the family responsibility is reduced, the women are employed to become service workers and professional white-level leaders; or even become the "boss" who is independent and self-employed. In addition, some people choose the informal movement of some working hours. No matter which type of sports, the level status of low-level women is difficult to improve.
Yi Qingchun and Zhang Yinghua (2008) pointed out the causal relationship between how married women's labor power is used and the economic needs of their households: "Women's transfer to informal departments shows the proper relationship between the family system and the market." That is, under the patriarchal system, although on the surface, the traditional gender division of labor between male and female protagonists and female protagonists is still in line with the new market demand for how diverse women's power is and how flexible women use their power. However, married women are The choice of career is very limited, and the type of work that tends to be feminine is related to whether family responsibilities can be taken into account. In order to take care of the children nearby and take on the role of motherhood, married women will choose a job quality that can maintain their own work space and flexible time. Among them, self-employed workers are the most suitable. The "self-employed boss lady" that works in the store and takes into account family responsibilities, which has become a survival strategy for the two difficulties of family and work.
According to the research results, most self-employed women have fathers or husbands of non-paid employees, and social networks are the key roles that women play in the process of becoming self-employed. Because social capital can reduce the risk of self-employed, the social capital owned by self-employed women must be more diverse and distinctive, especially weakly linked mediational utility.
Under the connection of capitalist globalization, "women" use "mobile" to generate a hierarchical system of division of labor across geographical boundaries through "mobile", such as Hochschild (2002) in "Global The word "gender revolution" proposed in Woman is mainly an experiential commentary on the phenomenon of globalization of female immigrants. She particularly observed that in wealthy and affordable countries, fewer families can only rely on men as their breadwinners, and more and more women have become the only, major, or shared money-making, and more than half of the American families are like this. So in Taiwan society, we have also seen more and more migrant workers in private homes to become filial piety outsourcing people who care for high-age people and young children. This is the meaning of the global nanny chain. This phenomenon also accurately points out the development and change of economic and social structures under capital globalization, and how to influence personal survival opportunities.
In order to have a deeper understanding of the interaction between gender, level and employment strategies, this course will select self-employed people around the Donghai District as field visits and conduct quality research on "gender, level and employment strategies". The owner, boss or other industries of snack bars hopes to use first-hand real-life observation and in-depth interviews on the face to lead university students into Taiwan’s geographical location to see how self-employed people plan their time, how to use their power, and how to connect family responsibilities and household economics to view the social meaning of level and power-based strategies in the informal market.
參考各週進度
Refer to weekly progress
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 課堂導言：小組導讀指定閱讀書籍或文章。 課堂導言：小組導讀指定閱讀書籍或文章。 Class guide: The group guides the designated reading books or articles. |
15 | |
| 每週memo：小組討論成果每週memo：小組討論成果 Weekly memo: Group discussion results |
15 | |
| 課堂參與課堂參與 Class Participation |
10 | |
| 小組「田野調查」成果分享小組「田野調查」成果分享 Share results of the group "Field Survey" |
15 |
