1980年代中期以來，政治理論對於民主的思考，已逐漸由過去「選舉為中心」的投票民主，轉向以「討論為中心」的審議式民主，主張公民才是民主體制的參與主體，所有受決策影響的公民或其代表，都應該要能夠透過知情、理性、平等的溝通後參與集體決定。另一方面，政府組織在1980年代為了解決因體制僵化難以面對快速變化時代的各種問題而引進「新公共管理」（New Public Management, NPM），以企業管理精神提供公共服務、強調經濟市場自由化和公營事業民營化，在1990年代因過度向經濟與企業傾斜，導致政府未能守護公共利益，為了矯正重市場輕公民、重短期效率輕長期社會公平的失衡發展，近年已逐漸轉向「新公共服務」（New Public Service, NPS）的治理模式，引入由下而上的公眾參與，以不同形式之審議民主，賦予公眾更多發言權與決定權。自2015、2016至2017年，臺中市已分別於中區、清水、豐原、大里等行政區執行「參與式預算」（Participatory Budgeting），此一即將邁入第三年的嶄新政策，起源於巴西愉港（Porto Alegre）的都市治理模式，也是審議民主（Deliberative Democracy）在臺灣最重要的公民參與模式之一。
本課程著重實作，依據「願景勾勒、實作方法、批判反思」三階段進行，將有數堂課於臺中市中區的審議民主現場參與活動或上課，體悟公民治理之精神並據此提出批判，檢視審議民主在臺中市之實踐並想像更多可能性。因此，審議民主既是本課程內容，同時也是問題意識，而以社區實作為方法，一方面促進修課同學理解社會學與社會現實之關係，另一方面則是鼓勵修課同學針對現行制度提出社會學批判，相關建議經彙整後，再將具體回饋意見給政府執行審議民主政策之局處參考。
修課後對臺中市參與式預算及食農教育、開放政府等審議民主實踐議題，具有務實的初步理解，並藉由實作參與親身體驗社會學想像，培養社會學分析及運用的能力。此外，透過對「臺中市參與式預算推動計畫」的近距離觀察，將深刻認識審議民主的不同形式，並從城市公民的角度，批判地明瞭審議民主的可能性與限制。
授課方式包括：專題演講、指定教材批判閱讀、時事討論、分組報告、校外參訪，及田野調查。課程前三分之一藉由參訪、討論、演講與閱讀提問，於全球在地城市脈絡下，勾勒願景並檢視審議民主精神，利用課堂報告一的分析研究，充實批判思考的能力。課程後三分之二著重實作訓練，持續閱讀提問，交替進行分組田野調查及與在地社群的對話等社會實踐，再利用第二次課堂報告與文字或影像紀錄等方式參與，具體練習社會實作能力。
Since the mid-1980s, political theory’s thinking on democracy has gradually shifted from the “selected as the center” voting democracy in the past to the “discussion-centered” appraisal democracy. The provocative citizens are the participation of the democratic system. All citizens or their representatives affected by the decision should be able to participate in collective decisions through informed, rational and equal communication. On the other hand, in the 1980s, government organizations introduced the "New Public Management" to understand the difficulties of the rigid system, and faced various problems in the era of rapid change. NPM, providing public services with the spirit of enterprise management, and promoting the liberalization of economic markets and public public business. In the 1990s, due to excessive economic and enterprise slanting, the government failed to protect public interests. In order to remedy the imbalanced development of market light citizens and short-term efficiency light long-term social fairness, it has gradually shifted to the governance model of "New Public Service" (NPS) in recent years, introducing bottom-up public participation, appraisal of democracy in different forms, and giving the public more rights to speak and decide. From 2015, 2016 to 2017, Taichung City has implemented "participatory budgeting" in administrative districts such as Central District, Qingshui, Hongyuan, and Dali. This new policy, which is about to enter its third year, originated from the urban governance model of Porto Alegre, Brazil, and is also one of the most important citizen participation models for Deliberative Democracy in Taiwan.
This course focuses on the work, and is carried out in three stages: "Scene Outline, Method of Practice, and Critical Reflection". Several classes will participate in activities or attend classes in the central district of Taizhong City, understand the spirit of citizen governance and criticize it, examine the reality of democracy in Taizhong City, and imagine more possibilities. Therefore, appraisal of democracy is not only the content of this course, but also the question of understanding. Taking community practice as a method, on the one hand, it promotes students to understand the relationship between social science and social reality, and on the other hand, it encourages students to propose social criticism of the current system, and after the relevant suggestions are completed, they will give specific feedback to the government for reference in the implementation of the democratic policy of review.
After the course, we have a practical preliminary understanding of democratic practical issues such as participating budgets in Taichung City, food and agriculture education, and opening up the government. We will cultivate the ability of social analysis and use through practical participation and personal experience. In addition, through a close observation of the "Taizhong City Participation Budget Promotion Plan", we will deeply understand the different forms of democracy and critically understand the possibilities and limitations of democracy from the perspective of urban citizens.
The teaching methods include: topic presentation, critical reading of designated textbooks, current discussions, sub-group reports, off-campus visits, and field surveys. The first third of the course is through interviews, discussions, lectures and reading questions. With the connection between local cities around the world, it outlines the scenery and reviews the spirit of democracy, and uses the analysis and research of the class report to fulfill the ability of critical thinking. Two-thirds of the course focus on practical training, continuous reading and asking questions, alternately conducting social practices such as grouping field surveys and dialogues with local communities, and then participate in the second class report and text or image recording to specifically practice social practice abilities.
1.Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, Patrick Heller, Marcelo K. Silva，林祐聖譯，2016，《如何自主啟動民主：巴西地方治理與公民社會的轉型》，新北市：國家教育研究院。
2.John Gastil、Peter Levine，劉介修、陳逸玲譯，2012，《審議民主指南：21世紀公民參與的有效策略》，臺北市：群學。
3.山崎亮，莊雅琇譯，2015，《社區設計：重新思考「社區」定義，不只設計空間，更要設計「人與人之間的連結」》，臺北市：臉譜。
4.萬毓澤，2016，〈萬毓澤：台灣推動「參與式預算」的反省與前瞻〉，《端傳媒》，https://goo.gl/Ux8tRc。
5.蘇彩足，2017，〈公部門推動參與式預算之經驗與省思〉，《文官制度季刊》9（2）：1-22，https://goo.gl/DhdQg5。
6.施聖文，2016，《臺中市參與式預算推動計畫成果報告書》。
1. Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, Patrick Heller, Marcelo K. Silva, Lin Yousheng Lu, 2016, "How to independently initiate democracy: the transformation of Brazilian local governance and civil society", New Taipei City: National Institute of Education.
2. John Gastil, Peter Levine, Liu Jiexiu, Chen Yiling, 2012, "Guidelines for Reviewing Democracy: Effective Strategies for the Participation of 21st Century Citizens", Taipei City: Groups.
3. Ryo Yamazaki, Shuo Yasu, 2015, "Community Design: Rethinking the definition of "community", not only design space, but also design "the connection between people"", Taipei City: Face.
4. Wan Yuzhe, 2016, "Wan Yuzhe: Reflection and Forecast of Taiwan's Promotion of "Associated Budget", "Dun Media", https://goo.gl/Ux8tRc.
5. Su Caizu, 2017, "Experience and reflection on the promotion of participation budgets by the Public Department", "Civil Affairs System Quarterly" 9 (2): 1-22, https://goo.gl/DhdQg5.
6. Shi Shengwen, 2016, "Report on the Results of Taichung City Participating Budget Promotion Plan".
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 平時出席與課堂暨參訪討論平時出席與課堂暨參訪討論 Attendance and class and visit discussions |
20 | |
| 小組報告一「批判閱讀」（期中考前）小組報告一「批判閱讀」（期中考前） The group report a "critical reading" (before the midterm exam) |
30 | 口頭報告、書面報告各15% |
| 小組報告二「實作參與」（期末考前）小組報告二「實作參與」（期末考前） Group Report 2 "Practical Participation" (before the final exam) |
50 | 口頭報告、書面報告各25% |
