由伊慶春、簡文吟、呂玉瑕為首的經驗性研究顯示：已婚女性就業並非是基於自利的流動經濟策略，而是同時考量家戶的經濟需求與家庭責任的平衡模式，主要是透過社會文化、意識型態、與家戶策略等結構性因素的影響，如：回歸家庭角色之母職論述，使得她們常常得面臨工作與家庭義務「交織」(weaving)在一起，難以分割的兩難困境(Garey,1999)；無獨有偶的，Blair-Loy(2003)則指出女性常在工人與母親認同之間「觀望」(straddling)，她認為已婚女性傾向於採取一種「家庭貢獻架構」以家庭責任優先，有別於男性的「工作貢獻架構」，重工作承諾與成就。回應上述女性如何在家庭與工作之間取捨，England(1996)使用「平衡」(balanced)與「耍戲法」(juggle)兩個terms，傳神地闡述女性如何部署以迎合工作與家庭需求下的高度交織的策略。而Kung(1976)則印證了傳統的家庭意識，規範了女性的行為，故她們外出工作是為了家庭整體利益與長遠福祉。
然而「平衡活動」(balancing act)是針對所有家庭成員，而非女性自身的課題。為了清楚呈顯女性如何在多元複雜的結構因素之影響下，迎合每一個領域加諸在女性身上的期待，如資本主義、國家政策、中產階級價值與白人文化。Avilas(1997)則以「轉檔」(shifting gears)的說法，針對已婚女性無法將工作與家庭分開的處境予以說明，Glenn(1994)則更整體性的檢視兩性的行動、互動、認同、理念等個人層面，與變遷中社會和經濟與政治制度等結構層面，如何形塑女性做為母親與做為工人的能力中的女性經驗。
在《群學爭鳴》(2008)一書中，伊慶春、章英華就對於已婚女性勞動力如何運用，與家戶經濟需求之間的因果關係做出推論，他們在｢父系家庭持續與變遷｣文中指出：｢女性轉入非正式部門顯示了家庭制度與勞動市場的妥協｣(2008：37)。意即在父權體制底下，表面上雖仍維繫傳統的男主外、女主內的性別分工模式，但隨時代變遷，實質上正面臨了女性勞動力如何多元、彈性運用的新的勞動市場需求，然而已婚女性的就業選擇非常有限，偏向女性化工作的類屬，端繫於家庭責任能否兼顧，為了能就近照顧幼兒，擔負起母職的角色，已婚女性會選擇能夠保有自己的工作空間與較具彈性的時間，還能在店面兼顧家庭責任的｢自雇老板娘｣生存策略，這種兩難困境在底層勞動者或經濟條件不穩定的家戶尤為明顯，深具階層意涵。換句話說，因此，我們是否可以說：｢自雇老板娘｣就是為了兼顧家庭照顧責任與勞動收益需求的性別化產物？！而為了支持家戶生存的集體性需求，已婚女性壓抑其自身利益與權益，同時高度徵用自我勞動力，於家庭生活與店面經營之間兩頭燃燒，一面養家；一面糊口。
為了更深入理解女性與工作之間的交互關係，本學期課程將選擇東海學區周邊的自雇女性做為田野訪談對象，進行「婦女勞動史」的質性研究。她們大多是小吃店的老板娘，希冀透過第一手的實地觀察與面對面的深度訪談，引領大學生進入台灣在地勞動現場，看看自雇女性如何規劃時間，如何運用其勞動力，以及如何連結家庭責任與家戶經濟兩者，在她們整日用心經營店頭生意，與擴展社會網絡的背後，在非正式勞動市場中，檢視婦女就業的社會學意義。An empirical study led by Yi Qingzhong, Jian Wenyin and Yuxia shows that married women's employment is not a mobile economic strategy based on self-interest, but a balance model of considering the economic needs of the family and family responsibility. It is mainly influenced by structural factors such as social culture, ideological patterns, and family strategies, such as: returning to the mother's job of family roles, so that they often face "weav" in work and family affairs. ing) Together, there are two difficult dilemmas that are difficult to separate (Garey, 1999); if coinciding, Blair-Loy (2003) pointed out that women often "strategize" between workers and mothers. She believes that married women tend to adopt a "family contribution structure" with family responsibility first, and have a "working contribution structure" different from men, focusing on work commitments and achievements. Responding to the above-mentioned ways of women taking favor between family and work, England (1996) uses two terms, "balanced" and "juggle", to describe how women deploy to cater to the high degree of intercourse between work and family needs. Kung (1976) printed traditional family consciousness and regulated women's behavior, so they went out to work for the overall family interests and long-term welfare.
However, the "balancing act" is a subject that focuses on all family members, not women themselves. In order to clearly show how women cater to women’s expectations in each field under the influence of diverse and complex structural factors, such as capitalism, national policies, middle-level values and white culture. Avilas (1997) used the term shifting gears to explain the situation where married women cannot separate their work and family. Glenn (1994) more holistically examines personal aspects such as action, interaction, identity, and concepts, as well as structural aspects such as social, economic and political systems in the transformation of social, economic and political systems, how to shape women's experience in the ability to be mothers and workers.
In the book "Groups" (2008), Yi Qingchun and Zhang Yinghua made recommendations on the causal relationship between how married women's labor power is used and the economic needs of their families. They pointed out in the article "Continuation and Change of Patriarchal Family": "Women's transfer to informal departments shows the proper relationship between the family system and the market" (2008: 37). That is, under the patriarchal system, although on the surface, it still maintains the traditional gender division of labor between male and female protagonists and female protagonists, it has changed at any time, and has faced a new market demand for how diverse women's power and flexible use of women. However, the employment options of married women are very limited, and they tend to be feminine in their work, and they are responsible for family responsibilities. Whether to take care of the children nearby and take on the role of motherhood, married women will choose a "self-employed boss lady" survival strategy that can maintain their own workspace and flexible time, and can also take care of family responsibilities in the store. These two difficulties are particularly obvious and have a deep sense of significance for those who are under the bottom level or those who are not stable in economic conditions. In a different sentence, therefore, can we say: "Self-employed boss ladies" are sexualized products that combine family care responsibilities and labor income needs? ! In order to support the collective needs of family survival, married women suppress their own interests and rights, and at the same time highly engage in self-reliance, ignite two heads between family life and store management, while maintaining their family and making a living.
In order to have a deeper understanding of the interaction between women and work, this course will select self-employed women around the Donghai District as field visits and conduct a quality study on the "History of Women's Sports". Most of them are the owners of snack bars, hoping to lead college students into Taiwan’s geographical location through first-hand real-life observation and in-depth interviews, to see how self-employed women plan their time, how to use their strength, and how to connect family responsibilities and family economics. Behind their daily attention to the store business and expanding social networks, they can view the social meaning of women in the informal market.
1.Boserup, Ester著，2010，陳慧平譯，《婦女在經濟發展中的角色》
2.馮淑貞，1995，《無路可逃-家與工作之間：以河下里已婚紡織業女工的生活為分析》，東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
3.丘延亮、古學彬，1997，〈香港中年女工生命史與雇傭策略初探〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》26：167-207。
4.胡台麗，1985，〈台灣農村工業化對婦女地位的影響〉，《婦女在國家發展過程中角色研討會論文集》，台北：台灣大學人口研究中心性別研究室，頁337-353。
5.成露茜、熊秉純，2010，〈婦女、外銷導向成長和國家：台灣個案〉，收錄於陳信行主編，《工人開基祖》，頁71-101。
6.夏林清、鄭村棋，2010，〈一個小外包廠的案例調查：家族關係與雇傭關係的交互作用〉，《工人開基祖》，頁163-184。
7.李悅端、柯志明，2010，〈小型企業的經營與性別分工：以五分埔成衣業社區為案例的分析〉，《工人開基祖》，頁185-219。
8.熊秉純著，2010，蔡一平、張玉萍、柳子劍譯，《客廳即工廠》，重慶大學出版社。
9.呂玉瑕，2006，〈家庭經濟型態與婦女就業：家庭策略的解釋〉，收錄於伊慶春、陳玉華主編，《華人婦女家庭地位：台灣、天津、上海、香港之比較》，頁369-401。
10.呂玉瑕，2009，〈家庭存活策略與女性勞動參與選擇：以台灣家庭企業婦女為例〉，《台灣社會學刊》42：95-141。
11.李瑩芝，2002，《看不見的勞動：1940-1960年台灣女性勞工的生命歷程、家戶動力與僱傭策略》，東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文，頁1-101。
12.彭桂枝，2003，〈女人與工作：剝削或賦權-客家中年女工的工作經驗〉，《「客家研究」研究所學術論文研討會》。
13.呂玉瑕，2001，〈性別、家庭與經濟：分析小型家庭企業老闆娘的地位〉，《台灣社會學》2：163-217。
14.哈里.布雷弗曼著，1988，谷風編輯部譯，《勞動與壟斷資本》，谷風出版社。
15.簡文吟，2004，〈台灣已婚婦女勞動再參與行為的變遷〉，《人口學刊》28：1-47。
16.伊慶春、簡文吟，2001，〈已婚婦女的持續就業：家庭制度與勞動市場的妥協〉，《台灣社會學》1：149-182。
1.Boserup, Ester, 2010, translated by Chen Huiping, "The Role of Women in Economic Development"
2. Rong Shuying, 1995, "There is no way to escape - The Between Home and Work: Analysis of the Life of a Married Female Worker in Kawashimali", a scholar's essay from the Institute of Social Sciences of Donghai University.
3. Qiu Yanliang and Gu Xuebin, 1997, "A preliminary study on the life history and employment strategies of middle-aged female workers in Hong Kong", Taiwan Social Research Quarterly 26: 167-207.
4. Hu Taili, 1985, "The impact of agricultural industrialization in Taiwan on the status of women's women", "Compilation of the Role of Women in the Process of National Development", Taipei: Gender Research Office, Population Research Center, Taiwan University, Page 337-353.
5. Cheng Luxi and Xiong Bingdi, 2010, "Women, Foreign Marketing Advancement and Country: Taiwan Cases", included in the editor of the Chenxin Bank, "Workers' Breakthroughs", pages 71-101.
6. Xia Linqing and Zhengcun Qi, 2010, "Case Study of a Small Outsourcing Factory: Interaction between Family Relations and Employee Relations", "Workers' Foundations", page 163-184.
7. Li Xuduan and Ke Zhiming, 2010, "Operation and gender division of labor in small enterprises: an analysis of the case of Wufenpu garment community", "Workers' Foundation", page 185-219.
8. Written by Xiong Bing, 2010, translated by Cai Yiping, Zhang Yuping and Liu Zi, "Household Factory" and Chongqing University Press.
9. Yuxia, 2006, "Family Economic Model and Women's Employment: An Explanation of Family Strategies", included in the compilation of Yi Qingchun and Chen Yuhua, "Family Status of Chinese Women: Comparisons of Taiwan, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Hong Kong", page 369-401.
10. Yuxia, 2009, "Family Survival Strategy and Female Sporting and Choice: Taking Taiwanese Family Business Women as an Example", "Taiwan Social Sciences" 42: 95-141.
11. Li Huizhi, 2002, "Unvisible Movement: Life Course, Family Motivation and Employment Strategies of Taiwanese Female Workers from 1940 to 1960", Proficiency Paper at the Institute of Social Sciences, Donghai University, Pages 1-101.
12. Peng Guizhi, 2003, "Women and Work: Shaving or Paying Power - Work Experience of Hakka Middle-aged Female Workers", "Academic Discussions and Literature Research Conference of the Institute of Hakka Research".
13. Yuxia, 2001, "Gender, Family and Economy: An Analysis of the Status of Bosses of Small Family Businesses", "Taiwan Social Sciences" 2:163-217.
14. Harry Braverman, 1988, edited by the editorial department of Gu Feng, "Movement and Relief Capital", Gu Feng Publishing House.
15. Jian Wenyin, 2004, "The Change of Re-Accounting of Taiwan Married Women's Women's Movement", "Popular Science" 28:1-47.
16. Yi Qingchun, Jian Wenyin, 2001, "The Continuing Employment of Married Women: The Cooperation between Family System and the Venture Market", "Taiwan Social Science" 1:149-182.
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 課堂導言課堂導言 Class Instructions |
15 | 小組導讀指定閱讀書籍或文章 |
| 每週memo每週memo Weekly memo |
15 | (1)重點摘錄、(2)五個關鍵字、(3)三個問題。 |
| 課堂參與課堂參與 Class Participation |
10 | 缺席次數3次為限 |
| 小組「田野調查」成果分享小組「田野調查」成果分享 Share results of the group "Field Survey" |
15 | 每組可分享2次，每次10分鐘 |
