一、智慧型電腦的競爭權勢──機器人、人工智能、網路的控制是否會嚴重威脅人類的生存？例如：電腦晶片殖入人體創造新人類，人類的能力受到威脅（不只是勞動力被取代產生社會問題）；機器人、人工智能新武器能否殘殺人類到無招架之力？
（倫理反省）人工智能的應用倫理學：機器人做得像人、甚至超人；人部份殖入機器系統，從輔助到超人，於是產生「競爭權勢」的問題：
二、萬種心靈，層次（levels）不同
心靈最細膩之處，是什麼？是身心靈三者之一，還是有分有合？
(i). 是靈魂嗎？靈魂是什麼？如何解釋？
(ii). 是觀念（Platon, idealism, rationalism）嗎？
(iii). 是與社會融合為一的大我感嗎（e.g. Faust）？
(iv). 是釋放到癲狂程度的文學藝術心靈嗎（e.g. 尼采、梵谷）？
三、解釋心靈是如何構成的？
1. 心靈是什麼？如何與物質因果關係區分？狗有心靈嗎？細菌、病毒呢？人心是能力組合嗎？氣溫調節器、速度調節器是一種心靈嗎？運動有心靈嗎（在學習什麼？）？
2. 人心如何運作？從理性主義、經驗主義、行為主義，到心理學實驗與理論、腦神經科學的理論與模型，這是心靈表徵（representation）與過程（process）的議題。
3. 機器人如何能夠靈活運動與判斷？心靈能夠獨立於身體、環境、社會關係之外而存在嗎？
4. 意識如何構成？意識有多種，從腦內刺激、現象意識、到自我意識，是什麼控制著形成意識的過程？
四、科學方法論
1. 化約論（reductivism）的高張與貧乏，二十世紀初的邏輯實証論、上半葉的行為主義；與此對照，認知科學裡提出意識難題（the hard problem of consciousness）；心理學反行為主義，卻走向腦神經化約主義；
2. 訴諸比喻（metaphor）的理解：心靈像digital computer、神經網路、動態系統、問題解決的過程（mental processes, mental operations）、機器人吸塵器？
3. 「資料結構」的問題：心靈有著什麼樣的表徵（mental representation ）？
4. 內外問題：心在身體之內有一個個體（individual）嗎？或心構成於內外互動，整合身體、環境與社會？
5. 統合論（eclecticism）：如何整合？從maniford夠整合出一個unity嗎？Mind (Thagard, 2005)是統合論；Metzinger說：there is no such thing as the self! Ned Block (1995) 分別phenomenal consciousness 以及functional consciousness （self-consciousness ）
6. 科學的新典範：跨領域的討論、學習、與研究；以對人心的理解設計電腦模型，以對人與動物的電腦模擬（對比於自然科學運用統計來找規律）來了解人心。
1. The competition power of smart computers - will robots, artificial intelligence, and network control severely threaten human survival? For example: Computer chips are thriving into the human body and creating new humans, and human abilities are threatened (not just the replacement of power and causing social problems); can new weapons of robots and artificial intelligence kill humans to be invincible?
(Ethics Reflection) Application Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Robots are like humans, even superhumans; part of the human beings is grown into the machine system, from helping to superhumans, thus creating the problem of "competition":
2. There are many different levels of mind.
What is the most delicate part of the mind? Is it one of the three spirits of body and mind, or is there a separation and combination?
(i). Is it a soul? What is a soul? How to explain it?
(ii). Is it an idea (Platon, idealism, rationalism)?
(iii). Is it a big self that integrates with society (e.g. Faust)?
(iv). Is it a literary art spirit that has been put to the level of madness (e.g. Nietzsche, Van Gogh)?
3. How is the spiritual spirit formed?
1. What is the soul? How to distinguish between material causality? Does a dog have a heart? What about bacteria and viruses? Is human heart a combination of abilities? Are the air conditioners and speed conditioners the same kind of mind? Are there any spiritual things in sports (what are you learning?)?
2. How does the human heart work? From rationalism, experience, behavioralism, to psychological experiment and theory, and brain neuroscience theory, these are the topics of representation and process.
3. How can robots exercise and judge vigorously? Can the mind exist independently outside the body, environment, and social relations?
4. How is consciousness formed? There are many kinds of consciousness, from internal stimulation, phenomenon consciousness, and self-consciousness. What controls the process of forming consciousness?
IV. Scientific method discussion
1. The high and lack of reductivism, the logical statements and behavioral principles of the first half of the 20th century; in contrast to this, the hard problem of consciousness is raised in science; the anti-behavior theory of psychology is moving towards the brain-narrowing conventionism;
2. Understanding of metaphor: mind like digital computer, neural network, dynamic systems, mental processes (mental operations), robot vacuum cleaners?
3. "Data structure" question: What kind of mental representation does the mind have?
4. Internal and external problems: Does the mind have an individual in the body? Or is the mind formed in internal and external interactions, integrating the body, environment and society?
5. Constitutional discussion: How to integrate? Is it possible to integrate a unity from maniford? Mind (Thagard, 2005) is a congressional statement; Metzinger said: there is no such thing as the self! Ned Block (1995) phenomenal consciousness and functional consciousness (self-consciousness )
6. New classics of science: cross-domain discussion, learning, and research; design computer models with an understanding of the human heart, and understand people's hearts by computer simulations of people and animals (compared to the use of natural sciences to find rules).
教科書：
Clark, A. (2013). Mindware : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science, 2nd edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (1st edition, published 2000, .pdf file is available in the web)
Textbook:
Clark, A. (2013). Mindware : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science, 2nd edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (1st edition, published 2000, .pdf file is available in the web)
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 出缺席出缺席 Absent |
20 | |
| 期中考期中考 Midterm exam |
30 | 第十二週考 |
| 期末報告期末報告 Final report |
50 | 第十四週交摘要，第十八週交全文，三至六千字 |
