恩格斯(1883)在《家庭、私有制和國家的起源》一書中提出精闢的「兩種生產」的核心概念，他將之定義為「歷史中的決定性因素，即直接生活的生產和再生產。…兩種生產是統一的社會生產不可或缺的兩個方面」。他並清楚界定出物質生產與種的繁衍兩者。筆者認為：恩格斯回歸家庭探討社會制度與國家的起源的做法，給予社會學者許多想像，因為他的論說引導我們進而思辯交織於「兩種生產」之上的「性別」、「家庭」與「勞動」之間的關係與啟發為何？正如恩格斯所言：「勞動創造了人本身。…即勞動創造的物質財富，滿足了人生存、發展和繁衍的需要。…另一方面，通過人自身的生產，形成具有勞動能力的勞動者」。到此為止，兩種生產是相互支援且相輔相成的在歷史長流中發展延續，但直到資本主義出現了，它改變了家庭的定位，更透過與父權體制的共謀與計畫性的運作，「性別」與「勞動」竟成了競逐與再製不平等的類屬。
是的，正如馬克思與恩格斯所預知的，普羅大眾必須藉由出賣勞動力以維繫自身生存，而資本家則專心致力於極大化剩餘利潤的經濟目的，採取了擴大資本的制度性手段，與父權體制同謀，打造出公私分野、政治/家庭的從屬支配關係，進而深化性別分工的不平等論述，資本主義巧妙的對比兩種生產的勞動價值，為了製造甘願、訓練馴服的工人配合勞動趕工遊戲，故人類自身的生產(繁衍後代)被貶抑到家庭的私人領域裡，隱而不見，在此同時，所有與家庭內的勞動性質類似，與家務有關的工作全部落入女性化、去技術化、非正式化與服務性質的低薪工作類別中，可說是導致現今單親或高齡女性容易落入女性貧窮化現象的主因，也是拖垮家計生存的元兇。
今日我們都生活在經濟不安全的社會中，高齡、少子化社會的衝擊，中高齡失業與三明治世代的困境，還有年輕世代的失業與就業難題等，方方面面都需要政府、社會與家庭共同面對與解決，因為家庭生計一旦難以維續，直接受到牽連的將是照顧、生育等更多層出不窮的社會問題，可謂錯綜複雜、影響深遠，這也是本課程開設的主要用意。
最後，筆者所關注的面向，不僅是女性低薪的問題，就連男性做為養家糊口者，也身處於勞動體制的剝削與勞資對立下，無產階級之不利地位，過著為了工作賣命的窮忙生活，成了缺席的父親，破壞了家庭生活的和樂，製造了更多的家庭問題與衍生出難以預料的社會問題。
另外值得注意的是，已經有越來越多的底層勞動者，成為窮忙族，這些人當中不乏男性與年輕世代，以日本的尼特族與派遣村為例，我們也必需引以為鑑。
In his book "The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State", Engels (1883) proposed the core concept of the exquisite "two productions", which he defined as "the decisive factor in history, namely the production and reproduction of direct life. ... The two productions are two indispensable aspects of unified social production." He also clearly defines the two types of material production and breeding. The author believes that Engels's practice of studying the family to explore the origin of the social system and the country gives socialists many imaginations, because his statement guides us to inspire and think about the relationship and initiation between "gender", "family" and "mobility" above the "two productions"? As Engels said, "The power creates man himself. ...The material wealth created by him meets the needs of life, development and reproduction. ...On the other hand, through the production of man himself, a man with power is formed." Until then, the two productions are mutually supportive and mutually integrated and developed in the long-standing historical stream, but until the capitalist theory emerged, it changed the positioning of the family, and through the common and systematic action of patriarchy, "gender" and "movement" became the category of competition and re-generated inequality.
Yes, as Marx and Engels predicted, the general public must use sales force to maintain their own survival, while the capitalists are dedicated to the economic purpose of maximizing the remaining profits, adopt institutional means of expanding capital, and share with the patriarchal system, creating a dominant relationship between public and private divisions, politics/family, and deepening the inequality of the gender division of labor, and cleverly comparing the two production dynamic values in order to create willingness and training Workers who practice service work together to work hard, so the production (breeding descendants) of the human category is suppressed into the private sector of the family, and is invisible. At the same time, all work related to homework falls into the low-paying job categories with feminization, detechnicalization, informality and service quality. It can be said that it is the main reason why current single or high-age women are prone to falling into the phenomenon of female indulgence, and it is also the metaphysical that drags down the family's survival.
Today we all live in an economically insecure society. The impact of high-age and low-birth society, the dilemma of middle- and high-age failure and sandwich generations, and the unemployment of young generations and the difficulties of employment. All aspects require the government, society and family to face and solve each other. Because once family fertility is difficult to continue, the direct consequences of care, childbirth and other social problems will be directly affected by care, childbirth, etc., which can be said to be complex and profound, which is also the main purpose of this course.
Finally, the focus of the penman is not only the problem of low wages for women. As men as breadwinners, they are also in line with the severity of the labor system and the disadvantage of poverty alleviation. They are busy with life for work and become an absent father, destroying the harmony of family life, creating more family problems and social problems that lead to difficult predictions.
It is also worth noting that there are more and more bottom-level motivators, and there are many men and younger generations among them. Taking the Nits and dispatched villages in Japan as examples, we must also use them as a citation.
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1. Harvey, David, 2010, "Incoming the Production Process of Capital", included in Chen Jinglu, "The Telling of Capital: The Truth of Capital Theory Everyone Needs to Know", page 60-105.
2. Harvey, David, 2010, "Source and Movement", included in Xu Rui Songlu, "17 Contradictions in Capital Society", pages 75-82.
3. Harvey, David, 2010, "Social Reproduction", included in Xu Rui Songlu, "17 Contradictions in Capital Society", page 196-213.
4. Burawoy, Michael, 2005, "Theory of Capital Theory of the Process of Movement", included in Lin Zonghong and others, "Making a Sweetness: Historical Changes of the Process of Capital Theory of the Construction", pages 127-155.
5. Burawoy, Michael, 2005, "Practice Process as a Game", included in Lin Zonghong and others, "Making a Gentleman: Historical Changes in the Process of Subsidy and Capitalism", page 217-243.
6. Rosemary Crompton, 2009, "Gender and Work", included in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans, Yang Yating, etc., "Gender and Women's Research Manual", page 393-419.
7. Liu Meijun, 1999, "Gender and Movement", included in "Sexual Relationships: Gender and Society, Construction (Part 1)", page 253-303.
8. Yuxia, 2006, "Family Economic Type and Women's Employment: An Explanation of Family Strategies", included in "The Family Status of Chinese Women: Comparisons of Taiwan, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Hong Kong". Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press, page 369-401.
9. Yuxia, 2009, 〈Family Survival Strategy and Female Sports Participation and Choice: Yitai
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14. Chen Xiuli, 2014, "Public and Privacy Dual: The Movement Situation of Foreign Domestic Movements", pages 1-21.
15. Wang Shuying and Zhang Yingkun, 1999, "Cultural, Gender, and Care: Some Discussions on the Ecological Ecological Feminization of Childcare Work", "Sexual Assault, Sexual Riot" 6: 404-437.
16. Wang Zengyong, 2014, "Welfare maker?" : The National Regulation on Family Care>, which is included in the editor of Huang Yingguo, "The 21st Century Home: Where does the home in Taiwan go? 》, pages 33-65.
17. Liu Yingxiu, 2013, "Family and Stronghold Under the Capitalism - Views and Controversies of Marxism and Socialism", Academic Writings from the Institute of Philosophy of Central University, Pages 1-92.
18. The History of the Door, 2008, "The Busy Clan: The Comedy of the Newly-Leveled Era", Pages 1-93 (Chapter 1-3).
19. Zhu Shenghui, 2007, "Send the "female" king? —The impact of dynamic flexibility on female sports participation, ", 96th Annual Graduate Research Program and Paper Publishing Conference of the Department of Social Sciences, Dongwu University, 29 pages.
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| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 課堂導言課堂導言 Class Instructions |
15 | 以6 - 7人一組為原則自行分組，導讀時間約40分鐘 |
| 每週memo每週memo Weekly memo |
15 | (1)重點摘錄、(2)五個關鍵字、(3)三個問題 |
| 課堂參與課堂參與 Class Participation |
10 | (1)出席狀況、(2)課堂提問、(3)參與討論的程度 |
| 小組「田野調查」成果分享小組「田野調查」成果分享 Share results of the group "Field Survey" |
15 | (1)問題意識、(2)訪談逐字稿整理、(3)分析、(4)影像拍攝；(5)研究成果 |
| 期中考試期中考試 Midterm exam |
20 | |
| 小組學期報告小組學期報告 Group of school period reports |
25 | 於性別、勞動與家庭的小型研究，> 4000字，形式不拘 |
