生老病死是每一個人必經的歷程，身處在現代社會，我們一生之中，一定有某個階段會接觸到醫療專業。醫學科學從啟蒙時期以來的快速發展，細菌致病原的發現與抗生素使許多傳染性疾病受到控制，移植與關節置換手術使受損的器官得以更換，死亡率與健康狀況獲得普遍的改善，開啟了二戰後的醫學黃金時代。現在可以說是醫學，而不是宗教或法律，主宰我們的出生、死亡與生活品質。然而，新公共衛生運動所訴求的幸福狀態，模糊了公共領域與私人生活之間的界線；疾病從急性傳染病轉為與生活型態相關的慢性病，生活環境中不斷強化的風險增加了個人的脆弱感。加上以病人為中心的醫療模式轉向，消費者意識抬頭，導致70年代末期以後，醫學黃金時代的逐漸褪色。近年來醫療與保險費用不斷上漲，個人對自身健康卻更沒有信心，使醫療專業遭受到越來越多質疑與挑戰。
醫學專業隨著科學技術與社會文化而變遷，一般民眾的生活越來越脫離不開醫療制度與醫學專業組織。醫學透過組織建立其專業地位與民眾進行互動，而各醫療專業組織又受到整體醫療制度的影響與制約。全民健保是台灣歷年來民眾滿意度最高的政策，實施二十年來，政府自滿於低保費、高納保率的台灣經驗，人民卻開始抨擊昂貴的自費以及低落的醫療品質，更大的隱憂在於因健保給付過於低廉所導致醫院服務量失控的血汗現象，大批護理人員逃離醫療職場，年輕醫師不願從事急重症醫療等結構性崩壞。然而，醫療崩壞的原因只在於全民健保的餅不夠分嗎？只因為醫院評鑑的文書作業惱人嗎？
當做為一種制度的醫學無法滿足我們的內心期望和需要時，反映出來的是，現代醫學科學的實作與制度和人們對於健康的主觀認知之間的落差。Richard Scott將制度定義為：「受規章、規範及認知體系制約的結構和活動，這些結構和活動使社會趨於穩定，並使社會行為產生意義。」。現代醫療專業組織是一種醫療專業與行政管理的雙軌式科層組織，必須滿足各種法令規章與醫學倫理規範，而文化認知形塑的圖式更是醫病之間互動的腳本，提供理解醫療場域的微觀基礎。
本課程分為兩大部分，先從制度與組織的理論出發，簡介組織社會學的理論發展與流派後，將重點放在新制度理論，進行制度構成要素與組織場域的探討。第二部分為台灣與國際醫療制度，討論醫院的組織運作如何受到全民健保與醫院評鑑制度的影響，以醫療場域中各種行動者分析，提供醫學與社會內在關係的理解。

Birth, old age, illness and death are inevitable experiences for everyone. Living in modern society, we must come into contact with the medical profession at some stage in our lives. Medical science has developed rapidly since the Enlightenment. The discovery of bacterial pathogens and antibiotics have brought many infectious diseases under control. Transplantation and joint replacement surgeries have allowed damaged organs to be replaced. Mortality and health conditions have generally improved, ushering in the golden age of medicine after World War II. It can now be said that medicine, rather than religion or law, governs our birth, death and quality of life. However, the state of happiness pursued by the new public health movement has blurred the boundaries between the public sphere and private life; diseases have shifted from acute infectious diseases to chronic diseases related to lifestyles, and the increasing risks in the living environment have increased individuals' sense of vulnerability. Coupled with the shift to a patient-centered medical model and the rise of consumer awareness, the golden age of medicine gradually faded after the late 1970s. In recent years, medical and insurance costs have continued to rise, and individuals have become less confident in their own health, which has exposed the medical profession to more and more doubts and challenges.
The medical profession changes with science, technology and social culture, and the lives of ordinary people are increasingly inseparable from the medical system and medical professional organizations. Medicine establishes its professional status through organizations to interact with the public, and each medical professional organization is affected and restricted by the overall medical system. National health insurance has been the policy with the highest public satisfaction in Taiwan over the past 20 years. In the 20 years since its implementation, the government has been complacent with Taiwan's experience of low premiums and high coverage rates. However, people have begun to criticize the expensive self-payment and poor medical quality. The bigger concern is that due to too low health insurance benefits, the hospital service volume is out of control. A large number of nursing staff have fled the medical workplace, and young doctors are unwilling to engage in acute and critical care. Structural collapse and other structural collapse. However, is the reason for the collapse of medical care just because the National Health Insurance pie is not enough? Just because hospital accreditation paperwork is annoying?
When medicine as a system cannot meet our inner expectations and needs, what is reflected is the gap between the practice of modern medical science, the system, and people's subjective understanding of health. Richard Scott defines institutions as: "Structures and activities governed by rules, norms, and cognitive systems that stabilize society and make social behavior meaningful." The modern medical professional organization is a dual-track hierarchical organization of medical profession and administrative management, which must meet various laws, regulations and medical ethics standards. The schema shaped by cultural cognition is the script for the interaction between doctors and patients, providing a micro-foundation for understanding the medical field.
This course is divided into two parts. It starts with the theory of institutions and organizations and introduces the theoretical development and schools of organizational sociology. It then focuses on new institutional theories and discusses the components of institutions and organizational fields. The second part is about Taiwan and the international medical system. It discusses how the organizational operation of hospitals is affected by the National Health Insurance and the hospital accreditation system. It analyzes various actors in the medical field to provide an understanding of the inherent relationship between medicine and society.

主要書目
 Scott, W. R. (2013). Institutions and organizations: Ideas, interests, and identities. 4th edition, Sage Publications.。
中譯本：Richard Scott (姚偉譯)，2010，制度與組織︰思想觀念與物質利益 (3rd edition)，中國人民大學出版社。

Main bibliographies
 Scott, W. R. (2013). Institutions and organizations: Ideas, interests, and identities. 4th edition, Sage Publications.
Chinese translation: Richard Scott (translated by Yao Wei), 2010, Institutions and Organizations: Ideology and Material Interests (3rd edition), Renmin University of China Press.