2014年九合一選舉結束以後，朝野政黨相繼提出修憲主張。本學期課程循由比較理路探討司法審查，政黨生態，以及選制改革各項問題，期使學習者能夠得到通盤了解。

在司法審查方面，誰來負責這項工作是第一項課題。除了法國，其他國家都是交給司法部門。其次，司法審查包括兩項重點，就是解決行政和立法部門爭議，以及保障基本人權。

以政黨而言，兩項問題和政治運作息息相關。第一是政黨數目。過去多數學者偏好英美穩定的兩黨政治。然而，一則此乃可欲不可求之事，二則相關國家兩黨政治先後出現鬆動跡象。揆諸實際，多黨政治並不比兩黨政治更難運作。這就涉及第二個問題，即政黨結盟。

在選舉方面，下述問題值得注意。第一是必須符合多數決定（majority rule）原則，所謂多數是「制度性多數」，有無過半並非首要考量。第二，票票等值概念應當在國會選舉當中得到落實，從防止政黨腐化角度來看，過份抑制第三黨生存空間恐非所宜。

晚近公投問題在我國引起諸多爭議。需要注意的是：第一，國人允宜檢討公投性質，揆諸英法等國慣例，公投正當性基礎早非「濟代議政治之窮」，而是尋求直接和間接民意合致。第二，國人允宜合理界定直接民權行使範圍。第三，國人允宜重視公投的時間點問題。

After the 9-in-1 elections in 2014, the ruling and opposition parties successively proposed constitutional amendments. This semester's course explores various issues such as judicial review, political party ecology, and electoral reform through comparative theory, hoping to enable learners to gain a comprehensive understanding.

In terms of judicial review, the first issue is who will be responsible for this work. Except for France, all other countries leave it to the judiciary. Secondly, judicial review includes two focuses, which are to resolve disputes between the executive and legislative branches and to protect basic human rights.

For political parties, these two issues are closely related to political operations. The first is the number of political parties. In the past, most scholars preferred the stable two-party politics of Britain and the United States. However, on the one hand, this is a desirable thing, and on the other hand, the politics of the two parties in the relevant countries have shown signs of loosening. Based on reality, multi-party politics is no more difficult to operate than two-party politics. This involves the second issue, namely, party alliances.

In terms of elections, the following issues are worth noting. The first is that it must comply with the principle of majority rule. The so-called majority is an "institutional majority", and whether there is a majority is not the primary consideration. Second, the concept of vote equivalence should be implemented in congressional elections. From the perspective of preventing political party corruption, it may not be appropriate to overly restrict the living space of third parties.

The recent referendum issue has caused a lot of controversy in our country. What needs to be noted is: First, the Chinese people should review the nature of the referendum. Following the practices of the United Kingdom, France and other countries, the basis for the legitimacy of the referendum is no longer "the poorness of representative politics", but the pursuit of direct and indirect public opinion consensus. Second, the people of the country should reasonably define the scope of direct exercise of civil rights. Third, the Chinese people should pay attention to the timing of the referendum.

胡祖慶，比較政府與政治，7版，（台北：五南），2015.

Hu Zuqing, Comparative Government and Politics, 7th edition, (Taipei: Wunan), 2015.