筆者認為社會建構的母職體制使得女人成為母親後的育兒經驗，或是與孩子的親密互動而創生的母職經驗，出現了如馬克思所言的異化或疏離的結果；也產生了如Dorothy Smith(1987)所論的「斷裂經驗」，因為女性對於母職的主體認知與社會建制下的母職期待不相符合，因而產生了母職經驗與母職建制之間的斷裂與衝突。在父權社會脈絡下，「賢妻良母」的美好形象承載著主流大眾所普遍認知的社會定位與角色期待，它強調母性是天生的，母愛是無私的，進而主宰了女性如何實踐母職的內容與標準。因此Rich(1976)批判母職對女人所造成的壓迫，正是來自母職的建制化(institutional motherhood)。
女性主義學者Nancy Chodorow(1999)在《母職的再生產》“The Reproduction of Mothering”一書中指出，母職的工作是構成社會不可缺少的部分。小孩藉由母親開始社會化的歷程，學習社會價值、道德準則、性別關係，以及家庭內外的性別分工，因此，女人的母職不僅對家庭而言極為重要，也可以成為改變社會的實踐。她尤其突顯女兒與母親之間的文化傳承意義。她更主張：母職不是孤立存在的，而是性別分工的基礎構成因素，有助於性別不平等的再生產。Nancy Chodorow(1999)也從心理分析觀點提出親職的結構如何自我複製的過程，正所謂宜室宜家的女性。故女人的母職則是家庭生活與性別分工的制度化特性。
社會學者Sharon Hays(1996)在《母職的文化矛盾》“The Cultural Contradiction of Motherhood”討論道：「密集母職」是社會建構的產物，它特別強調以孩子為中心的教養方式，以及專家論述的權威性，更強調母性的自然本質，以及母職作為女人的本能等立論，要求母親必須投入大量的時間和心力，擔綱扮演育兒過程裡的主角。由此母職建制而來的母職論述，影響並形塑了當代社會的母職實踐，主流論述認定母職對於女人而言應該是簡單輕鬆、游刃有餘，彷彿設定了女人天生就是母親的腳本，但筆者以自身的母職經驗提出反證，回應母職對於女人來說並不是輕而易舉、天生就會的事，如何「做媽媽」或「做爸爸」這件事，必須有過親身體驗才能理解其真義，因此大多數人都是邊學邊做、邊做邊學，從失敗中汲取教訓，才漸漸調適成更成熟、更盡責的父母角色。The author believes that the motherhood system constructed by society makes women a mother's parenting experience, or the motherhood experience created by close interaction with children, has the result of alienation or separation as Marx said; it also produces the "broken experience" as discussed by Dorothy Smith (1987). Because women's subjective perception of motherhood does not match the mother's expectations under the social system, it has a rupture and conflict between motherhood experience and motherhood system. Under the patriarchal society, the beautiful image of "a good wife and a good mother" carries the social positioning and role expectations that mainstream publics generally recognize. It emphasizes that maternal nature is innate and maternal love is selfless, and thus dominates the content and standards of how women can implement maternal responsibilities. Therefore, Rich (1976) criticized the pressure caused by motherhood on women, which was precisely the institutional motherhood of motherhood.
Feminist Nancy Chodorow (1999) pointed out in the book "The Reproduction of Mothering" that the work of motherhood is an indispensable part of building society. Children learn social values, moral standards, gender relations, and gender division of labor within and outside the family through motherhood. Therefore, a woman’s motherhood is not only extremely important to the family, but can also become a reality for changing society. She particularly highlights the cultural heritage between her daughter and mother. She even proposed that motherhood does not exist in isolation, but is a fundamental constitutive factor of the division of gender labor, which helps reproduction of gender inequality. Nancy Chodorow (1999) also proposed from a psychological analysis perspective how to copy the work structure itself, which is what it means to be suitable for women in the family and home. Therefore, a woman's motherhood is an institutionalized characteristic of family life and gender division of labor.
Socialist Sharon Hays (1996) discussed in "The Cultural Contradition of Motherhood" "The Cultural Contradition of Motherhood": "Concentrated Motherhood" is a product of social construction. It specifically emphasizes the child-centered teaching method, the authority of expert discussions, and the natural nature of maternal nature, as well as the instinct of maternalism as a woman. It requires mothers to invest a lot of time and effort to play the protagonist in the childcare process. The mother's theory of motherhood, which is based on the motherhood system, has affected and shaped the motherhood of contemporary society. The mainstream theory believes that motherhood should be simple and relaxed for women, as if setting up a script for women who are born to be mothers, but the writer responds to the mother's experience with his own motherhood experience and responds to the mother's job for women. It is not easy to be a person, born to know. How to "be a mother" or "be a father" must have personal experience to understand its truth. Therefore, most people learn side by side, learn side by side, learn from failure, and learn from failures to gradually adapt to a more mature and responsible parent role.
1. Nancy J. Chodorow著，2003，《母職的再生產：心理分析與性 別社會學》，張君玫譯
2.梁莉芳等著，2014，《巷仔口社會學》，〈我媽生下我之後呢？「做 媽媽」的社會學觀察〉、〈我在家裡生小孩；生產是愛、滋養和力量〉、〈為母則強：母職作為改變社會的場域〉。
3.陳惠娟、郭丁熒著，1998，〈「母職」概念的內涵之探討-女性主義觀點〉，《教育研究集刊》，41：73-101。
4. Pamela Abbott, Claire Wallace, Melissa Tyler，鄭玉菁譯，2008，《女性主義社會學》
5.黃淑鈴、游美惠主編，2012，《性別向度與台灣社會(第二版)》
6. I. D. Balbus著，1999，《揹小孩的男人：一位父親育嬰的真實故事》
7. Alison I. Griffith& Dorothy E. Smith著，2008，《母職任務與學校教育的拔河》，呂明蓁、林津如等審訂
8.張明慧著，2004，《新移民女性的母職困局— 「新台灣之子」發展遲緩論述的緊箍咒》
9.陳志賢、楊巧玲著，2011，〈為難父母、父母難為：《聯合報》親職報導內容分析(1978-2008年)〉，《新聞學研究》。
10.許婷雯，劉梅君，2007，《我國育嬰假對於母職制度之影響》，頁1-23。(2007台灣女性學會暨高師大40週年校慶學術研討會-「家庭與工作：變遷現象與多元想像」)。
11.吳書昀，2007，《延續與變遷：談母職及其在社會政策決策中的角色》，頁1-19。(2007台灣女性學會暨高師大40週年校慶學術研討會-「家庭與工作：變遷現象與多元想像」)。
12.唐文慧，2002，《誰來照顧？母職與社會政策在台灣：女性主義的觀點》，頁12-29。
13.趙彥寧，2010，〈跨境母職公民身分：變遷中的中國閩北國境邊區道德經濟〉，《台灣社會學刊》，44：155-212。
14.趙婉容，2008，《新加坡的中國陪讀媽媽，母職跨國流動經驗之初探》，頁1-30，清華大學人類學研究所論文。
15.余桂榕，2011，《採收自在：布農族部落婦女母職生活的故事》，頁1-20，(國立東華大學多元文化教育研究所論文)。
16.
1. Nancy J. Chodorow, 2003, "Reproduction of Mother's Job: Psychological Analysis and Sexual Social Science", translated by Zhang Junmei
2. Liang Lifang, 2014, "Xianzikou Social Science", "What about after my mother gave birth to me? "Being a Mother" Social Observation, "I have a baby at home; production is love, nourishment and strength", "Strength for mothers: Maternal jobs as a field for changing society".
3. Chen Huijuan and Guo Ding-chan, 1998, "Exploration on the Connotation of "Mother's Job" - Feminism Views", Journal of Educational Research, 41: 73-101.
4. Pamela Abbott, Claire Wallace, Melissa Tyler, Zheng Yujing, 2008, "Feministering Society"
5.Editor Huang Shu-ling and You Meihui, 2012, "Gender Dimension and Taiwan Society (Second Edition)"
6. I. D. Balbus, 1999, "The Man Who Sweets a Child: A True Story of a Father Raising a Baby"
7. Alison I. Griffith & Dorothy E. Smith, 2008, "Tug of War between Mother's Job and School Education", reviewed by Lu Mingzhen, Lin Jinru and others
8. Zhang Minghui, 2004, "The Maternal Dilemma of New Immigrant Women - The Could of the Development of the Discussion of the "Son of New Taiwan""
9. by Chen Zhiqian and Yang Qiaoling, 2011, "It's hard for parents to be hard for parents to be hard for: Analysis of the content of the "Joint News" Job Report (1978-2008)", "News Studies".
10. Xu Tingwen, Liu Meijun, 2007, "The Impact of my country's Maternity Leave on the Maternal Job System", pages 1-23. (2007 Taiwan Women's Association and the 40th Anniversary School Academic Seminar of Senior High School Teachers-"Family and Work: Changes in Job Images and Multiple Imaginations").
11. Wu Shuyun, 2007, "Sustaining and Change of Jobs: Talking about Motherhood and its Role in Social Policy Decision", pages 1-19. (2007 Taiwan Women's Association and the 40th Anniversary School Academic Seminar of Senior High School Teachers-"Family and Work: Changes in Job Images and Multiple Imaginations").
12. Tang Wenhui, 2002, "Who is here to take care of him?" Motherhood and Social Policy in Taiwan: Views of Feminism", pages 12-29.
13. Zhao Ning, 2010, "Citizenship of Cross-border Mother's Citizenship: Moral Economy in North China in the Transformation", Taiwan Social Sciences, 44: 155-212.
14. Zhao Wanrong, 2008, "A Preliminary Study on the Experience of Cross-Country Movement in Singapore", Pages 1-30, Papers from the Institute of Humanities at Tsinghua University.
15. Yu Guirong, 2011, "Reading Zizai: A Story of the Living Life of Mothers in Bulgarian Tribes", pages 1-20, (About the Institute of Multicultural Education, National East China University of China).
16.
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 課堂參與課堂參與 Class Participation |
10 | (1)出席狀況、(2)課堂提問、(3)參與討論的程度(缺席次數3次為限) |
| 小組「田野調查」成果分享小組「田野調查」成果分享 Share results of the group "Field Survey" |
15 | (1)問題意識、(2)訪談逐字稿整理、(3)分析、(4)影像拍攝；(5)研究成果 |
| 課堂導言課堂導言 Class Instructions |
15 | 請至遲於前一天將導讀ppt上傳給老師及小組FB社團 |
| 每週memo每週memo Weekly memo |
15 | (1)重點摘錄、(2)五個關鍵字、(3)三個問題 |
