批判性思考是人類特殊的思維方式，它的應用範圍很廣，本課程將藉由邏輯推理中的批判性思考模式，引導同學認識這種特殊的理性能力的運作方式以及成效。本課程將在下述兩項課程目標下，設計所有的批判性思考與邏輯理論的學習以及習作：
一、首先，本課程將帶領同學觀察並思考存在於邏輯推論的最核心的論述結構。
本課程將同時由理論的層面以及實務的層面進行研習，讓同學不僅習得形式邏輯的理論，更能夠具體的看到在人類實踐生活以及科學探究的過程中，一個邏輯推論的真實結構以及具體的發生與操作過程如何發生其效用，達到其論證效果。
二、其次，本課程將透過理論與習作的學習，引導同學認識形式邏輯與非形式邏輯進行推論操作時的運作原則以及規範原則；並在操作過程中，引導同學體會批判性思考的功能。
形式邏輯思維的最大特徵在於，如何能在一個正確的形式下，透過給定的前提集以及適當的推論規則的引用，將結論的「必然真」或｢在相當強的程度下為真」推衍出來。因此，在形式邏輯的推論操作過程中，所有的推論操作集中在命題之間的形式層面上的關聯，而不涉及理性操作者以及行動的面向。然而在人類實踐生活的場域，如日常溝通、法院、醫學、商業、政治，甚至科學研究以及人工智慧內部的邏輯運算中，相關推論的應用以及規範準則，前提集推出結論的過程與得出結論的相關條件，並非全然涵蓋於形式邏輯的規範原則內，在相當大的程度，它需要論證主體的一種批判性的思考能力，論證的評價原則也須涵蓋一些非形式的原則。相關領域研究在20世紀70年代被正式命名為｢非形式邏輯｣或是｢批判思考｣。
基於上述考察，本課程希望能分別帶引同學認識並體會形式邏輯和非形式邏輯的特質以及推論的正確有效原則或效益評價原則為何。課程將依據邏輯史的發展，分別介紹各類重要的邏輯推論類型以及使其正確有效的原則。課程中並將討論這些思維操作中的批判性特質。相信經由一學期的學習，應可讓同學習得邏輯推理的基本知識並祈能養成同學批判性的邏輯思維的習慣。Critical thinking is a special way of thinking for human beings. It has a wide range of applications. This course will use the critical thinking model in logical reasoning to guide students to understand the operation and effectiveness of this special rational ability. This course will design all critical thinking and logic theory studies and exercises under the following two course objectives:
1. First, this course will lead students to observe and think about the core argumentative structure that exists in logical inference.
This course will be studied at both the theoretical and practical levels, allowing students to not only acquire the theory of formal logic, but also be able to concretely see the true structure and specific consequences of a logical inference in the process of human practical life and scientific inquiry. How does the occurrence and operation process produce its effectiveness and achieve its demonstration effect.
2. Secondly, through the study of theory and exercises, this course will guide students to understand the operating principles and normative principles of formal logic and informal logic for inference operations; and during the operation process, students will be guided to experience the function of critical thinking.
The biggest feature of formal logical thinking is how to infer the "necessarily true" or "true to a fairly strong degree" of the conclusion through a given set of premises and the reference of appropriate inference rules in a correct form. derived. Therefore, in the process of inferential operations of formal logic, all inferential operations focus on the formal-level correlation between propositions and do not involve rational operators and action aspects. However, in the fields of human practical life, such as daily communication, courts, medicine, business, politics, and even scientific research and logical operations within artificial intelligence, the application of relevant inferences and normative principles, the process of deriving conclusions from a set of premises and the conclusion The relevant conditions of the conclusion are not entirely covered by the normative principles of formal logic. To a considerable extent, they require a critical thinking ability from the subject of the argument. The evaluation principles of the argument must also cover some non-formal principles. Research in related fields was officially named "informal logic" or "critical thinking" in the 1970s.
Based on the above investigation, this course hopes to lead students to understand and appreciate the characteristics of formal logic and informal logic respectively, as well as the correct and effective principles of inference or efficiency evaluation principles. Based on the development of the history of logic, the course will introduce various important types of logical inferences and the principles that make them correct and effective. The critical nature of these mental operations will be discussed in the course. I believe that after one semester of study, students should be able to acquire the basic knowledge of logical reasoning and develop the habit of critical logical thinking.
《邏輯》，熊明輝，王文方著，滄海書局，2011。
Anthony Weston. 2000. A Rulebook for Arguments. Cambridge: Hackett Publish Company.
徐金雲，2012年3月，〈證明的責任與批判的責任 --- 視覺化的論證圖示與法律推理〉，後繼受時代的東亞法文化。台灣：台北，頁249-267。
徐金雲，2012年11月，〈論證模式與理由---一個非形式邏輯的評價問題〉，2012年全國現代邏輯學術研討會。中國大陸:上海。
"Logic", written by Xiong Minghui and Wang Wenfang, Canghai Bookstore, 2011.
Anthony Weston. 2000. A Rulebook for Arguments. Cambridge: Hackett Publish Company.
Xu Jinyun, March 2012, "The Burden of Proof and the Burden of Criticism --- Visual Argument Illustration and Legal Reasoning", East Asian legal culture in the post-acceptance era. Taiwan: Taipei, pp. 249-267.
Xu Jinyun, November 2012, "Argument Model and Reason---An Evaluation Issue in Informal Logic", 2012 National Modern Logic Academic Symposium. Mainland China: Shanghai.
| 評分項目 Grading Method | 配分比例 Grading percentage | 說明 Description |
|---|---|---|
| 期中考試期中考試 midterm exam |
30 | |
| 作業作業 Homework |
30 | 期中考前後各一次作業，每次15分 |
| 期末考試期末考試 final exam |
30 | |
| 課堂參與課堂參與 class participation |
10 | 本課程預計點名5次，每次2分 |
